A abampere (aA) The unit of electric current in the CGSeniu system, defined as that current that, if flowing through two parallel conductors of negligible cross section and infinite length, placed 1 cm apart in vacuo, would produce on each conductor a force of 1 dyne per centimeter of length. 1 abampere = 1 abcoulomb/s = r statampere (where c = speed of light in cm/s) = 10 ampere. aberration Imperfect image formation due to geometric imperfections in the optical elements of a system ablation 1 . The wasting of glacier ice by any process (calving, melting, evaporation, etc.). 2. The shedding of molten material from the outer sur- face of a meteorite or tektite during its flight through the atmosphere. absolute age The age of a natural substance, of a fossil or living organism, or of an artifact, obtained by means of an absolute dating method. See absolute dating method. absolute density Density in kg/m' or, more commonly, in g/cm\ both at STP. Cf. density, relative density abso
Democracy In The Contemporary World class 9 political science MCQ & SAQ
Democracy In The Contemporary World class 9 political science NCERT SOLUTION:
1. Why did President Allende address himself mainly to workers? Why were the rich unhappy with him?
Answer
President Allende was a socialist and had taken many several policy decisions to help workers and poor. Thus, he addressed himself mainly to workers.
The rich were unhappy with him due to reform of the educational system, free milk for children and redistribution of land to the landless. He was opposed to foreign companies taking away natural resources like copper from the country.
Page No: 4
1. Did the army have any legal right to arrest the defense minister of the country? Should the army have the power to arrest any citizen?
Answer
No, the army didn't have any legal right to arrest the defense minister of the country. It is totally against the law. They also don't have the power to arrest any citizen. The main duty of the army is to protect the country from external threats.
Activity
1. Locate and shade Chile on the map. Which state in our country has a shape similar to Chile?
Answer
In our country, Kerala has a shape similar to Chile.
Page No: 6
1. Why was an independent trade union so important in Poland? Why are trade unions necessary?
Answer
Poland at that time had only one workers union controlled by the Polish United Workers’ Party. So there was an autocratic rule of this party. People could not form independent unions which voiced their grievances. There was no freedom of speech.
Trade unions are necessary as they help in maintaining or improving the conditions of the
workers. They represent the workers’ views and demands to the management and fight for their rights.
1. Looking at these maps, which period do you find most important in the expansion of democracy? Why?
Answer
The period after 1975 till 2000 AD is the most important period in the expansion of democracy. In this period, most of the countries in Africa became independent and supported democratic governments. The USSR broke up and 15 independent states emerged in which most of them went to democracy. Many colonized countries also gained independence and marches towards democracy.
Page No: 11
1. Why were women given voting rights much later than men in most countries? Why did this not happen in India?
Answer
Many European countries became democratic by the beginning of the twentieth century but women didn't have voting rights because they were not considered equal. They thought women were not capable of making decisions. They should stay at home, do household chores and look after children. Thus, they were given voting rights much later than men.
In India, constitutions makers didn't make any discrimination against women and granted Universal Adult Franchise which gave voting rights to every c above the age of 18.
Page No: 13
1. What should be the policy of the government of India towards the military rulers of Myanmar?
Answer
The Government of India can support Suu Kyi in all international forums and demand her freedom without interfering in the domestic affairs of the government of Myanmar. It must fight for her freedom under Human Rights.
Page No: 14
1. Should there be a world government? If yes, who should elect it? And what powers should it have?
Answer
Yes, there should be a world government. It should have representatives of all the nations and every nation should have equal status. Each nation should send its own representatives, elected by their people. They should have powers to fight for Human Rights and Democracy.
Page No: 15
1. Should the permanent members of the UN give up the power to veto?
Answer
Yes, they should. The five veto powers should not be allowed to dictate terms to the rest of the world. They generally used this for their own interest.
Exercise
1. Which of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy?
(a) Struggle by the people
(b) Invasion by foreign countries
(c) End of colonialism
(d) People’s desire for freedom
► (b) Invasion by foreign countries
2. Which of the following statements is true about today’s world?
(a) Monarchy as a form of government has vanished .
(b) The relationship between different countries has become more democratic than ever before.
(c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.
(d) There are no more military dictators in the world.
► (c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.
Page No: 20
3. . Use one of the following statements to complete the sentence:
Democracy in international organizations requires that …
(a) The rich countries should have a greater say.
(b) Countries should have a say according to their military power.
(c) Countries should be treated with respect in proportion to their population.
(d) All countries in the world should be treated equally..
► (d) All countries in the world should be treated equally..
4. Based on the information given in this chapter, match the following countries and the path democracy has taken in that country.
Answer
5. What are the difficulties people face in a non-democratic country? Give answers by drawing from the examples given in this chapter.
Answer
The difficulties people face in a non-democratic country are:
→ No freedom to elect their rulers.
→ People can't form organizations or organize protests against the rulers.
→ No freedom of speech and expression.
→ Don't have any say in government policies
→ Civic rights are curtailed.
6. Which freedoms are usually taken away when a democracy is overthrown by the military?
Answer
The freedoms which are taken away when a democracy is overthrown by the military:
→ Freedom of electing their rulers.
→ Freedom of speech, expression and protest against any governmental policies.
→ People can't form political parties or organizations.
7. Which of the following positions can contribute to democracy at the global level? Give reasons for your answer in each case.
a My country gives more money to international institutions. Therefore, I want to be treated with more respect and exercise more power.
b My country may be small or poor. But my voice must be heard with equal respect, because these decisions will affect my country.
c Wealthy nations will have a greater say in international affairs.They cannot let their interests suffer just because they are outnumbered by poor nations.
d Big countries like India must have a greater say in international organizations.
Answer
a. If any country gives more money to international institutions and its citizens want more respect and more power, it would not contribute to democracy at the global level. Every country and its citizens enjoy equal status whether it is a poor or a rich country. Equality is the basic principle of democracy.
b. This position totally contributes to democracy at the global level as Democracy gives equal rights to every person. The wealth and size of a country don't matter in a global democracy.
c. This position does not lead to democracy at the global level because there should be no distinction made between the rich nations and the poor nations. All nations are equal in a Democracy.
d. No, this position can't contribute to democracy because the sizes or the geographical area of a country can't determine the status of a nation in global democracy.
8. Here are three opinions heard in a television debate on the struggle for democracy in Nepal. Which of these do you agree with and why?
Guest 1: India is a democracy. Therefore, the Indian government must support the people of Nepal who are struggling against monarchy and for democracy.
Guest 2: That is a dangerous argument. We would be in the same position as the US was in Iraq. Remember, no outside force can promote democracy.
Guest 3: But why should we bother about the internal affairs of another country? We should be worried about our business interests there, not about democracy.
Answer
We can't totally neglect what our neighbors are doing in their country as it must affect our behavior also. So in my opinion, Guest 1 is right in some way. We have to adopt some measures that will support the people who are struggling against monarchy and for democracy. Not by using armed forces but by some other corporations which will not hurt the sentiments of the people. This will also help India in maintaining a good relationship with a democratic country rather than a monarchical rule.
Page No: 21
9. In an imaginary country called Happyland, the people overthrew the foreign ruler and brought back the old royal family. They said: “After all their ancestors were our kings before foreigners started ruling us. It is good that we have one strong ruler, who can help us become rich and powerful”. When someone talked about democracy the wise men said it is a foreign idea. Their struggle was to throw the foreigners and their ideas out of the country. When someone demanded freedom for the media, the elders thought that too much criticism of the ruler would not help them improve their living standards. “After all, the king is so kind and interested in the welfare of all the subjects. Why create problems for him? Don't we all want to be happy? ”
After reading the above passage, Chaman, Champa and Chandru made the following observations:
Chaman: Happyland is a democratic country because people were able to throw out the foreign rulers and bring back the king.
Champa: Happyland is not a democratic country because people cannot criticize the ruler. The king may be nice and may provide economic prosperity, but a king cannot give a democratic rule.
Chandru: What people need is happiness. So they are willing to allow their new ruler to take decisions for them. If people are happy it must be a democracy.
What is your opinion about each of these statements? What do you think about the form of government in this country?
Answer
Chaman’s statement is incorrect because the overthrowing of a foreign power just amounts to gaining sovereignty.
Champa’s statement is correct. A democracy is a rule of the people. The people should have the right to question their ruler.
Chandru’s statement is incorrect. Happiness of the people is only one factor of a democracy. The people might be happy with the king, but he is not an elected representative.
Democracy In The Contemporary World class 9 political science MCQ
1. Who was the leader of the Solidarity Movement in Poland?
(a) Pinochet
(b) Lech Walesa
(c) Jaruzelski
(d) None of the above
► (b) Lech Walesa
2. Who led the military coup in Chile in 1973?
(a) General Alberto Bachelet
(b) Michelle Bachelet
(c) General Augusto Pinochet
(d) Salvador Allende
► (c) General Augusto Pinochet
3. “Workers of my homeland! I have faith in Chile and its future ...... It will be a moral lesson to castigate felony, cowardice, and treason.” Who said this?
(a) General Augusto Pinochet
(b) General Alberto Bachelet
(c) Salvador Allende
(d) Michelle Bachelet
► (c) Salvador Allende
4. What is a referendum?
(a) A vote of all the people on an important national issue
(b) A vote of educated population
(c) A vote of men only
(d) None of the above
► (a) A vote of all the people on an important national issue
5. When did the military coup take place in Chile?
(a) 12 Sept. 1973
(b) 11 Sept. 1973
(c) 11 Sept. 1974
(d) None of the above
► (b) 11 Sept. 1973
6. Which party ruled in Poland in 1980?
(a) Polish Workers Party
(b) Polish Party
(c) Polish United Workers’ Party
(d) None of the above
► (c) Polish United Workers’ Party
7. When did the British colonies in America declare themselves independent?
(a) 1774 A.D.
(b) 1776 A.D.
(c) 1778 A.D.
(d) 1780 A.D.
► (b) 1776 A.D.
8. The three governments of Allende’s Chile, Walesa’s Poland and Michelle’s Chile had a
(a) Democratic form of government
(b) Martial law
(c) Communist form of government
(d) All the above
► (a) Democratic form of government
9. When did the British colonies in America declare themselves independent?
(a) 1774 A.D.
(b) 1776 A.D.
(c) 1778 A.D.
(d) 1780 A.D.
► (b) 1776 A.D.
10. When did Myanmar attain independence and what type of government did it adopt?
(a) 1946, communist
(b) 1948, democracy
(c) 1947, democracy
(d) 1948, dictatorship
► (b) 1948, democracy
11. What is meant by the Universal Adult Franchise?
(a) Right to vote to property owners
(b) Right to vote to women
(c) Right to vote to all adults
(d) Right to vote to blacks
► (c) Right to vote to all adults
12. After Independence, who became the first Prime Minister and then the President of
Ghana?
(a) Patrice Lumamba
(b) Jomo Kenyatta
(c) Sam Nujoma
(d) Kwame Nkrumah
► (b) Jomo Kenyatta
13. When did Ghana become independent and from whom?
(a) 1956, Dutch
(b) 1957, France
(c) 1957, Britain
(d) 1958, Germany
► (c) 1957, Britain
14. Which award has been won by Suu Kyi?
(a) Literary Award
(b) Oscar Award
(c) Nobel Peace Prize
(d) None of the above
► (c) Nobel Peace Prize
15. When did Myanmar attain independence and what type of government did it adopt?
(a) 1946, communist
(b) 1948, democracy
(c) 1947, democracy
(d) 1948, dictatorship
► (b) 1948, democracy
16. Which country contributes most of the money to the U.N.?
(a) U.K.
(b) France
(c) U.S.A.
(d) China
► (c) U.S.A.
17. Name the body of the U.N. which acts like a Parliament.
(a) General Assembly
(b) Security Council
(c) International Court of Justice
(d) Social and Economic Council
► (a) General Assembly
18. Which country contributes most of the money to the U.N.?
(a) U.K.
(b) France
(c) U.S.A.
(d) China
► (c) U.S.A.
19. Who was Wolfowitz?
(a) President of the U.S.A.
(b) President of IMF
(c) President of World Bank
(d) President of UNESCO
► (c) President of World Bank
20. Name the five permanent members of the Security Council.
(a) US, Germany, France, China, Italy
(b) US, Britain, Germany, Italy, France
(c) US, France, Switzerland, China, Russia
(d) US, France, Britain, Russia, China
► (d) US, France, Britain, Russia, China
21. Which organ of the U.N. is responsible for maintaining peace and security among the
countries?
(a) General Assembly
(b) Security Council
(c) International Court of Justice
(d) All the above
► (b) Security Council
22. In which year did Saddam Hussein become the President of Iraq? Which type of government did he set up?
(a) 1969, dictatorial government
(b) 1970, democratic government
(c) 1979, communist government
(d) 1979, dictatorial government
► (a) 1969, dictatorial government
23. Which party has ruled Iraq since 1968?
(a) Ba'ath Party
(b) Socialist Ba'ath Party
(c) Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
(d) None of the above
► (c) Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
23. Which one of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy?
(a) Struggle by the people
(b) End of colonialism
(c) People’s desire for freedom
(d) Invasion by foreign countries
► (d) Invasion by foreign countries
24. What is the territory under the immediate political control of another state called?
(a) Communist state
(b) Colony
(c) Democratic state
(d) None of the above
► (b) Colony
25. Use one of the following statements to complete the sentence : Democracy in the international organizations requires that _____
(a) the rich countries should have a greater say.
(b) countries should have a say according to their military power.
(c) countries should be treated with respect in proportion to their population.
(d) all countries should be treated equally.
► (d) all countries should be treated equally.
26. Which one of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy?
(a) Struggle by the people
(b) End of colonialism
(c) People’s desire for freedom
(d) Invasion by foreign countries
► (d) Invasion by foreign countries
27. Which one of the following situations is democratic?
(a) General Pinochet, an Army General of Chile, led a coup and became the President of the
country.
(b) In China, the Communist Party always wins in elections and forms the government.
(c) The government led by Jaruzelski in Poland, imposed martial law and imprisoned
thousands of Solidarity members who took part in the strike.
(d) The African National Congress of South Africa drew up a constitution which gave most
extensive rights to its citizens.
► (d) The African National Congress of South Africa drew up a constitution which gave most
28. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) America became independent from British rule in 1776
(b) They adopted a democratic constitution in 1787
(c) Many countries in Europe gave the right to vote to only propertied people
(d) In the United States of America all the citizens including Blacks were given the right to vote from
the beginning.
► (d) In the United States of America all the citizens including Blacks were given the right to vote from
29. Which country among the following was the only country by 1900, where every citizen had the right to vote?
(a) Australia
(b) New Zealand
(c) Poland
(d) USA
► (b) New Zealand
30. Who among the following in the UN has always been a citizen of the US ?
(a) Treasury Secretary
(b) President of the World Bank
(c) Finance Secretary
(d) Secretary General
► (b) President of the World Bank
31. Which country supported and controlled the autocratic government in Poland?[2010 (T-1)]
(a) USA
(b) China
(c) Russia
(d) UK
► (c) Russia
32. Soviet Union broke in the year:
(a) 1930
(b) 1900
(c) 1991
(d) 2001
► (c) 1991
33. Why was the International Monetary Fund established?
(a) To maintain peace and security among the countries
(b) Lends money to governments of member nations when in need
(c) To implement and formulate trade agreements
(d) To take decisions regarding the misery and poverty of western countries
► (b) Lends money to governments of member nations when in need
34. In Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi led:
(a) National Congress
(b) United Workers Party
(c) Communist Party
(d) The National League for Democracy
► (d) The National League for Democracy
Democracy In The Contemporary World class 9 political science SAQ
Q.1. Who was Allende?
Ans. 1. Allende was the founder leader of the Socialist Party of Chile, a country in South America.
2. He led the Popular Unity Coalition to victory in 1970 and became the President of Chile.
3. AsPresident he took several policy decisions to help the poor and the workers.
Q.2. Why did the workers of Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk go on strike in 1980?
And.The workers the Lenin Shipyard in the city of Gdansk went on a strike on 14 Aug 1980. The factory was owned by the government. The workers went on a strike demanding the factory to take back a crane operator, a woman worker, who was unjustly dismissed from the service..
Q3 What role does the General Assembly play in the UN?
Ans. The General Assembly is like the Parliament of the UN where all the discussions take place. In that sense, the UN would appear to be a very democratic organization. But the General Assembly cannot take any decision about what action should be taken in a conflict between countries.
Q.4. State how the Security Council helps in making the UN a democratic body.
And.The Security Council has 15 members – 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members. This
the 15 member Security Council of the UN takes crucial decisions. However, the real power is with the five permanent members; and they possess the veto power. So, the Security Council doesn’t help much in making the UN a democratic body.
Q.5. Should a democratic country wage a war and invade other countries to establish democracy there? Give your opinion stating at least one example.
Ans.In my opinion, the democratic countries do not have any right to wage a war in order to establish democracy in non-democratic countries. The US attack on Iraq, blaming it for possessing the weapons of mass destruction, was more because of its own ambition than establishment of democracy there. Moreover, unless people of a nation are themselves actively engaged in a struggle to make their society democratic, external help will be hardly of any help.
Q.6. The functioning of the UN Security Council is undemocratic. Justify the statement by giving three suitable examples?
Ans. (i) The real power is with the five permanent members. (ii) These members have veto power. (iii)The Security Council cannot take a decision if these permanent members say No to it.
Q.7. What policies were adopted by Salvador Allende after his election as President of Chile in 1970? Assess any three reforms?
Ans. (i) Reform of the educational system. (ii) Free milk for children. (iii)Redistribution of land to the landless farmers.
Q.8. 'International Monetary Fund is not truly democratic institution.' Justify this statement with three examples?
Ans. (i) IMF's 173 member states do not have equal voting rights.
(ii) The vote of each country is weighed by how much money it has contributed to the IMF. (iii)Nearly half of the voting power is in the hands of only seven countries.
Q.9. Who was elected as President of Chile in 1970? What steps did he take to help the poor? Ans. Salvador Allende was elected president of Chile in 1970. (i) He reformed the education system;
(ii) He provides free milk for children; and (iii) He arranged redistribution of land to the landless farmers.
Q.10. In Poland how was democracy re-established?
Ans. Lech Walesa – an electrician, joined the strikers (workers of Lenin Shipyard). He became popular. The government agreed to the workers' demands. An independent trade union was formed. Soon it had one core member. The government tried to put it down. Another wave of strike followed. This time it resulted in an agreement in 1989 for free elections. Walesa was elected President of Poland.
Q.11. Mention any three features of democracy
Ans. (i) Allende’s democratic government preferred government control over big industries and the economy.
(ii) Walesa wanted the market to be free of government interference.
(iii) Michelle stands somewhere in the middle.
Q.12. Who was Lech Walesa
Ans-Lech Walesa was a former electrician of the Lenin Shipyard. He joined and then led the striking workers. He signed a 21 point agreement with the government that ended the strike.
A new trade union called Solidarity was formed.
General Jaruzeleski imposed martial law.Another wave of strike followed in April 1989. Free election was held. Solidarity won 99 out of 100 seats. Walesa was elected President of Poland.
Q.13. Who was Salvador Allende? Why was his policy opposed?
Ans. Salvador Allende was the President of Chile. The landlords, the rich and the church opposed his reforms and policies.
Q.14. How did Solidarity come to power in Poland?
Ans.On 11 September 1973 the military took over the seaport. The Defense Minister was arrested by the military. Allende was asked to resign. He addressed the nation on the radio. It was his last speech. He died in a military attack on the president's house.
What was the outcome of the strike in Poland ?
Solution:
Under the guidance of Lech Walesa, the strike became a great movement. Soon the Communist government relented and signed a 21-point agreement with Lech Walesa.
The main features of the 21- point Agreement were as follows:-
• The Government recognized the workers’ right to form independent trade unions
• The government also granted trade Unions the right to strike
• A new trade union called Solidarity was formed for the first time.
• Solidarity swept across Poland and had about one crore members.
What was the plight of the Solidarity Trade union in Poland?
Solution:
The Solidarity Trade Union brought to light the widespread corruption and mismanagement in the government. The Polish government was not happy with this. In the year 1981, the government imposed martial law in the country.
Thousands of Solidarity members were jailed. Freedom to organize, protest and express opinions was once again taken away from the people.
What are the similarities between the two Governments in Chile and Poland?
Solution:
The Government in Chile under General Augusto Pinochet and the Government in Poland under the Polish United Workers’ Party, were both non- democratic governments. There were many similarities between these two governments.
The similarities were:-
• The people could not choose or change their rulers.
• There was freedom of expression.
• People could not form political associations.
• People were not permitted to organize protests or initiate political action.
Trace the expansion of Democracy across the globe.
Solution:
The journey of modern democracy started two centuries ago. During the 19th century , democracy was overthrown and restored several times, in France. The French Revolution that took place in 1789 inspired many struggles for democracy all over Europe.
In Britain, though the progress towards democracy was very slow, it started much before the French Revolution. Series of political events reduced the power of the monarchy and the feudal lords in the nineteenth century.
In the United States the British colonies in North America declared themselves independent in 1776. In the next few years these colonies came together to form the United States of America. They adopted a democratic constitution in 1787.
By the beginning of the twentieth century many countries had governments elected by the people, and had political freedom in some measure.
Describe the end of Colonialism.
Solution:
Many countries in Asia and Africa were colonies under the control of European nations. People in these countries wanted independence.
India was one of the few colonies where people led a nationalist struggle of non- violence, to liberate the country from colonial rule. India achieved its independence in 1947. India has emerged as a democratic country. India continues to be a democracy.
By the end of the Second World war many of the countries became independent. Ghana was one of the first few countries which became independent. It gained independence in 1957. It inspired other African countries to struggle for freedom.
Trace the Political developments in Myanmar.
Solution:
Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, gained freedom from Colonial rule in 1948 and became a democracy.
The following are the political developments that took place in Myanmar since 1948:-• A military coup overthrew the democratic government in 1962.
• In 1990, elections were held for the first time after almost 30 years.
• The National League for Democracy, which was led by Aung San Suu Kyi , won the election.
• The military leaders of Myanmar did not accept the results of the election.
• San Suu Kyi was put under house arrest.
• Political activists were jailed for minor offenses.
• People were oppressed and not given any freedom of expression.
• Lakhs of people in Myanmar were driven away from their homes by the military-ruled government.
• The people in Myanmar are still struggling for a democratic government in their country. .
Democracy In The Contemporary World class 9 political science long question
Q.1 Discuss any three contributions of the UN as a government of the world?
Ans. (i) It is a global association of nations of the world to help in international law securityEconomic development and social equity.
(ii) It maintains peace and security among countries; it can put together an International Army.
(iii) It can take action against the wrongdoer.
Q.2. State how democracy was crushed in Myanmar after the elections were held there in 1990. Ans.1-In 1990, in Myanmar, elections were held for the first time after almost 28 years.
2- The National League for Democracy led by Aung San Sui Kyi won the election. But the military leaders of Myanmar refused to step down and did not recognise the election results.
3- The military put the elected pro-democracy leaders, including Suu Kyi, under house arrest. Anyone caught publicly airing views or issuing statements critical of the regime could be sentenced up to twenty years in
Q3. In the absence of a single world government, what kind of limits are put on what the governments do? Ans
1. There is no single world government, but there are many institutions in the world that perform partially the functions of such a government.
2. These organizations cannot command countries and citizens in a way a government can, but they do make rules that put limits on what governments can do.
3. The United Nations has evolved many conventions on these questions that are now binding on the countries of the world.
4. The UN Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and security among countries.
5. The International Monetary Fund lends money to governments when they need it. The World Bank also gives loans to the government’s prisons.
Q.1.Differenciate between Pinochet’s rule in Chile and the communist rule inPoland? Ans.1- Pinochet, an Army General supported by the government of USA, led a coup in Chile in
1973 against Allende’s popularly elected government. With this, a dictatorship was established in Chile. 2-Pinochet’s government tortured and killed several of those who supported Allende and wanted to restore democracy there.
3- In Poland, a Communist Party called Polish United Workers’ Party ruled in 1980. No other political party was allowed to function. The government of Poland was supported by the Soviet Union.
4- But when the movement led by Lech Walesa spread, demanding the workers’ rights, the government had to give in.
5- Finally, an agreement was signed between Walesa and the Polish government in April 1989 for free elections. In 1990, elections were held in which more than one party could contest.
Q.2. Write major demands made in the 19th century to establish democracy in the world?
Ans.1-In the 19th century, struggles for democracy often centered round political equality, freedom and justice.
2- There was a demand for the right to vote for every adult citizen. Many European countries that were becoming more democratic did not initially allow all people to vote.
3- In some countries, only people owning property had the right to vote. Often women did not have the right to vote.
4- Those struggling for democracy wanted “universal suffrage”, i.e. voting rights for all adults – men or women, rich or poor, white or black.
Q.3.What were the major changes that took place in India’s neighborhood in the 1990s and 2005? Ans1-In the 1990s, Pakistan and Bangladesh made a transition from army rule to democracy.
2. InNepal the king gave up many of his powers to become a constitutional monarch to be guided by elected leaders.
3. However, these changes were not permanent. In 1999, General Musharraf set up army rule in Pakistan. In
In 2005, the new king of Nepal dismissed the elected government and took back political freedoms that people had won in the previous decade.
Q4.Distinguish between the democratic and non democratic conditions?
Ans-{A} a democratic government is elected by the people while a nondemocratic government is not elected by the people.
{B}Under democracy people are given basic rights while under nondemocratic conditions people are not given basic rights.
{C} in democracy there are regular elections through which people can change their government but not in nondemocratic conditions.
{D}Under democracy the government works within the constitution but in a nondemocratic country these conditions do not apply.
{E] In democracy Parliament is supreme but under nondemocratic conditions, the ruler is supreme.
Write a short note on Salvador Allende.
Solution:
Salvador Allende was the founder leader of the Socialist Party of Chile. He led the Popular Unity coalition party to victory in the presidential election in 1970. He was then elected President of Chile. After his election, Allende passed many reforms for the betterment of the poor people of his country.
Salvador Allende reformed the educational system and ensured that free milk was provided for all the children. He also redistributed land to the landless farmers.
As President he did not allow foreign companies to take away natural resources like copper, from the country.
There was a lot of opposition for Salvador Allende’s policies from the rich landlords, the Church and other political parties.
What was the outcome of the Military Coup of 1973 ,in Chile ?
Solution:
A coup is the sudden overthrow of a government illegally, it may or may not be violent in nature’.
There was a Military coup in Chile in 1973. The military coup took place under General Augusto Pinochet. Salvador Allende’s government, which was elected by the people, was overthrown by the military through conspiracy and violence. On the 11th of September, 1973, the military took over the seaport. The Defence Minister was arrested by the military.
Then the military surrounded the President’s house and started bombing it. President Allende died in the military attack. General Pinochet became the President of the country and ruled it for the next 17 years. Supporters of Allende were tortured and put to death.
How was democracy restored after the coup, in Chile?
Solution:
General Augusto Pinochet, the military ruler of Chile, decided to hold a referendum in 1988. The General was very confident that he would win the referendum, and that the people would want him to continue in power.
But the people of Chile wanted a democratic rule. General Pinochet lost the referendum, thus losing his political and military powers. The brutal and cruel dictatorship came to an end.
Michelle Bachelet, a medical doctor and a moderate socialist, was elected the President of Chile, in the free Presidential elections, which was held in January 2006. Democracy was restored in Chile.
What was the situation in Poland in the 1980s?
Solution:
In the 1980s Poland was ruled by the Polish United Workers’ Party. This was a Communist party. The government of the Soviet Union controlled the government in Poland. In a Communist Country people could not choose their leader or speak freely against their leader. People were put in prison for opposing the government. Independent Trade Unions were not allowed in Poland
On 14 August 1980, the workers of Lenin Shipyard, in Gdansk, went on a strike. This shipyard belonged to the Government and strikes were illegal. The strike started because a woman crane operator was dismissed from service in an unjust manner. Soon Lech Walesa joined the strike.
Lech Walesa was an electrician in the shipyard. He was dismissed from service, many years ago, because he had demanded higher wages.
The strike began to spread across the whole city. The workers started raising greater demands.
They wanted the right to form independent trade unions.
They wanted the release of political prisoners.
They wanted an end to censorship of the press.
How does the International Monetary Fund function?
Solution:
The International Monetary Fund can be considered as one of the biggest moneylenders in the world. It provides loans to countries for their developmental projects.
The IMF has 173 member states. All these states do not have equal voting rights. The vote of each country is weighed by how much money it has contributed to the IMF.
SolutionAlmost half of the voting power in the IMF is in the hands of the G7 nations. The G7 nations are the US, Japan, France, UK, Saudi Arabia, China and Russia. The remaining 166 countries have very little say in the decisions the IMF takes.
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