A abampere (aA) The unit of electric current in the CGSeniu system, defined as that current that, if flowing through two parallel conductors of negligible cross section and infinite length, placed 1 cm apart in vacuo, would produce on each conductor a force of 1 dyne per centimeter of length. 1 abampere = 1 abcoulomb/s = r statampere (where c = speed of light in cm/s) = 10 ampere. aberration Imperfect image formation due to geometric imperfections in the optical elements of a system ablation 1 . The wasting of glacier ice by any process (calving, melting, evaporation, etc.). 2. The shedding of molten material from the outer sur- face of a meteorite or tektite during its flight through the atmosphere. absolute age The age of a natural substance, of a fossil or living organism, or of an artifact, obtained by means of an absolute dating method. See absolute dating method. absolute density Density in kg/m' or, more commonly, in g/cm\ both at STP. Cf. density, relative density abso
Manufacturing Industries Class 10 NCERT geography MCQ & SAQ
Manufacturing Industries Class 10 NCERT geography NCERT SOLUTION
(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.
(a) Aluminum
(b) Cement
(c) Sugar
(d) Jute
► (b) Cement
(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL
(b) SAIL
(c) TATA Steel
(d) MNCC
► (b) SAIL
(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminum
(b) Cement
(c) Jute
(d) Steel
► (a) Aluminum
(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc?
(a) Steel
(b) Electronic
(c) Aluminum
(d) Information Technology
► (b) Electronic
Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(i) What is manufacturing?
(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.
(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?
Answer
(i) Manufacturing is the process in which goods are produced after processing the various raw materials.
(ii) Three physical factors for the location of the industry are:
→ Availability of raw material.
→ Suitable climate.
→ Availability of water and power supply.
(iii) Three human factors for the location of an industry are
→ Availability of cheap labor
→ Availability of services such as consultants and financial advice
→ Availability of Market
(iv) Basic industries are those which supply their raw materials to industries which manufacture other goods. An example is the iron and steel industry which supplies steel to the automobile industry.
(v) The important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement are: limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry?
Answer
(i) Integrated Steel Plants are large plants which handle everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
Mini Steel Plants are smaller, have electric arc furnaces, and use mainly steel scrap and sponge iron as inputs. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild alloy steel of given specifications.
Problems of Steel Industry:
→ High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
→ Lower productivity of labor.
→ Irregular supply of power.
→ Poor infrastructure.
Following are some recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity:
→ Liberalization
→ Foreign direct investments (FDI) with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
→ Improvement in production process by the use of newer technologies.
(ii) Industries are responsible for four types of pollution – air, water, land, and noise pollution. Following are the various reasons:
→ Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gasses, such as sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
→ Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.
→ Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants are drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
→ Wastes from nuclear plants cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages.
→ Dumping of wastes especially, glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and other garbage render the soil useless.
→ Noise pollution is caused due to industrial and construction activities, factory equipment, generators, electric saws, drills and other machineries.
(iii) The steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry are:
→ To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels (primary, secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing should be minimized via reuse and recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet water requirements, and ground water usage should be regulated by law.
→ For the minimisation of air pollution, smoke stacks should be fitted to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also, smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.
→ Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning machinery to reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise absorbing material.
Activity
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(i) Used to drive machinery (5) P...........................
(ii) People who work in a factory (6) W..........................
(iii) Where the product is sold (6) M..........................
(iv) A person who sells goods (8) R...........................
(v) Thing produced (7) P...........................
(vi) To make or produce (11) M..........................
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P...........................
Answer
(i) Power
(ii) Worker
(iii) Market
(iv) Retailer
(v) Product
(vi) Manufacture
(vii) Pollution
Manufacturing Industries Class 10 NCERT geography MCQ :
1. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers known as agglomeration economies. Which of the following are the main advantages provided by cities to industries?
(a) Market and services
(b) Agricultural products and minerals
(c) Power supply
(d) Suitable climate and services
► (a) Market and services
2. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of which of the following?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Infrastructural facilities
(c) Manufacturing industries
(d) Export trade
► (c) Manufacturing industries
3. Which of the following is not a factor of production?
(a) Land
(b) Raw materials
(c) Capital
(d) Enterprise
► (b) Raw materials
4. Which of the following developments usually follows industrial activity?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Urbanization
(c) Electrification
(d) Mining
► (b) Urbanization
5. How can industrialisation assist in bringing in foreign exchange?
(a) Modernisation of agriculture
(b) Removing dependence on agriculture by providing alternative employment
(c) Export of manufactured goods
(d) Import of manufactured goods
► (c) Export of manufactured goods
6. In which of the following groups of cities were most of the manufacturing units located in the pre-independence period?
(a) Delhi, Kanpur, Moradabad
(b) Bangalore - Hyderabad
(c) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
(d) Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Amritsar.
► (c) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
7. Oil India Limited (OIL) belongs to which of the following types of industries?
(a) Public sector
(b) Private sector
(c) Joint sector
(d) Cooperative sector
► (c) Joint sector
8. Which of the following is the effect of liberalization and foreign direct investment on the iron and steel industry of India?
(a) Lower productivity of labor
(b) High costs and limited availability of coking coal
(c) Irregular supply of energy
(d) Boost to the industry
► (d) Boost to the industry
9. Which of the following industries is in the private sector?
(a) Dabur
(b) BHEL
(c) SAIL
(d) HINDALCO
► (a) Dabur
10. On the basis of character of raw material and finished product, iron and steel industry belongs to which category?
(a) Heavy industry
(b) Medium industry
(c) Light industry
(d) Perishable goods industry
► (a) Heavy industry
11. Which of the following inorganic chemicals is used for the making of glass, soaps, detergents and paper?
(a) Soda ash
(b) Sulphuric acid
(c) Nitric acid
(d) Alkalies
► (a) Soda ash
12. When and where was the first successful textile mill established in India?
(a) In Ahmedabad in 1858
(b) In Chennai in 1954
(c) In Kolkata in 1816
(d) In Mumbai in 1854
► (d) In Mumbai in 1854
13. Which of the following industries belongs to the category of heavy industries?
(a) Watches
(b) Shipbuilding
(c) Electric bulbs
(d) Knitting needles
► (b) Shipbuilding
14. Sixty percent of sugar mills are concentrated in which of the following states?
(a) Punjab and Haryana
(b) Maharashtra and Gujarat
(c) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
(d) West Bengal and Orissa
► (c) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
15. Which of the following public sector steel plants of India is located near a port?
(a) Durgapur
(b) Vijaynagar
(c) Bhadravati
(d) Visakhapatnam
► (d) Visakhapatnam
16. Which of the following industries is the largest consumer of chemicals?
(a) Fertilizers
(b) Textiles
(c) Chemicals
(d) Paper
► (c) Chemicals
17. Which of the following is not an inorganic chemical?
(a) Sulphuric acid
(b) Petrochemicals
(c) Nitric acid
(d) Alkalies
► (b) Petrochemicals
18. Which of the following is a negative effect of industrialisation?
(a) Economic growth
(b) Pollution
(c) Foreign exchange earnings
(d) Rapid urbanization
► (b) Pollution
19. When and where was the first cement plant set up in India?
(a) Chennai in 1904
(b) Porbandar in 1924
(c) Dalmianagar in 1937
(d) Kottayam in 1967
► (a) Chennai in 1904
20. Which of the following is an electronics industry?
(a) HMT, Bengaluru
(b) TISCO, Jamshedpur
(c) BHEL, Hyderabad
(d) BALCO, Korba
► (c) BHEL, Hyderabad
21. Which of the following led to expansion of the fertilizer industry?
(a) Liberalization and foreign direct investment
(b) MNCs (multinational corporations)
(c) The Green Revolution
(d) All the above
► (c) The Green Revolution
22. Which of the following industries has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last few years?
(a) Electronics Industry
(b) Information Technology Industry
(c) Engineering Industry
(d) Tourism Industry
► (b) Information Technology Industry
23. Which of the following cities is the electronic capital of India?
(a) Delhi
(b) Mumbai
(c) Bengaluru
(d) Hyderabad
► (c) Bengaluru
24. What is the correct meaning of agglomeration economies?
(a) Many industries set up in rural centers
(b) Industries are basically agro-based.
(c) Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers
(d) Industries set up to produce raw material for the secondary sector.
► (c) Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers
25. The economic strength of the country is measured by which of the following developments?
(a) The development of the manufacturing industries.
(b) The development of the literacy ratio.
(c) The development of health status.
(d) The development of the population growth.
► (a) The development of the manufacturing industries.
26. The first successful textile mill was established in:
(a) Delhi
(b) Vishakhapattnam
(c) Chennai
(d) Mumbai (Bombay)
► (d) Mumbai (Bombay)
27. Which one of the following is not true regarding the Iron and Steel industry in India?
(a) India is the largest producer of sponge iron.
(b) Most of the public sector undertakings market their steel through the Steel Authority of India.
(c) Chota Nagpur Plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
(d) As a leading iron and steel producing country, India does not need to import steel from other countries.
► (d) As a leading iron and steel producing country, India does not need to import steel from other countries.
28. Which one of the following air services provides services to the Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off-shore operations?
(a) Indian Airlines
(b) Air India
(c) Pawanhans Helicopters LTD
(d) Alliance
► (c) Pawanhans Helicopters LTD
29. Which one of the following factors has once again opened the opportunity for jute products?
(a) Increasing concern for the use of biodegradable materials
(b) Increasing productivity
(c) Enhancing the yield per hectare
(d) Improving quality
► (a) Increasing concern for the use of biodegradable materials
30. Manufacturing Industries are placed in:
(a) Primary sector
(b) Secondary sector
(c) Tertiary sector
(d) Service sector
► (b) Secondary sector
31. Which one of the following steel plants is located in Chhattisgarh?
(a) Bokaro
(b) Durgapur
(c) Bhilai
(d) Rourkela
► (c) Bhilai
32. The first successful textile mill was established in:
(a) Delhi
(b) Vishakhapattnam
(c) Chennai
(d) Mumbai (Bombay)
► (d) Mumbai (Bombay)
33. Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants ?
(a) HAIL
(b) SAIL
(c) TATA STEEL
(d) MNCC
► (b) SAIL
34. Which one of the following cities is known as the electronic capital of India ?
(a) Srinagar
(b) Noida
(c) Bengaluru
(d) Pune
► (c) Bengaluru
35. Most of the sugar industries are ideally suited to:
(a) Private sector
(b) Joint sector
(c) Cooperative sector
(d) Public sector
► (c) Cooperative sector
36. Which one of the following countries has the largest installed capacity of spindles in the world?
(a) India
(b) China
(c) USA
(d) Britain
► (b) China
37. Small scale and large scale industries are classified on which basis?
(a) Capital investment
(b) Ownership
(c) Main role
(d) Source of raw materials
► (a) Capital investment
38. Which of the following group of factors is a prime group for the location of an aluminum smelting plant?
(a) Capital and Market
(b) Raw material and Electricity
(c) Labor and Raw material
(d) Capital and Transport
► (b) Raw material and Electricity
39. Which one of the following factors is considered as the most prominent one in industrial location in a region?
(a) Availability of raw materials
(b) Market
(c) Cheap Labor
(d) None of these
► (a) Availability of raw materials
40. Which one of the following groups of states have the largest number of cotton textile centers?
(a) Gujarat and Maharashtra
(b) Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
(c) Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
(d) Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat
► (a) Gujarat and Maharashtra
Question : In 1857 where the first cotton mill of India was founded
(a) Mysore
(b) Madras
(c) Surat
(d) Bombay
Answer : D
Question : Largest producer of Jute and Jute made goods
(a) Bangladesh
(b) India
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) Brazil
Answer : B
Question : Iron and steel is a
(a) an agro based industry
(b) a chemical industry
(c) basic industry
(d) tertiary industry
Answer : C
Question : Durgapur is situated in
(a) Jharkhand
(b) Orissa
(c) Chhattisgarh
(d) West Bengal
Answer : D
Question : Chemical industries usually are located near
(a) Iron and steel industries
(b) Thermal power plant
(c) Oil refineries
(d) Automobile industry
Answer : C
Question : STP is the Abbreviation of
(a) System tech park
(b) Software Technology Park
(c) State thermal plant
(d) Software Technology Picket
Answer : B
Question : NTPC is the Abbreviation of
(a) National Textile Production Company
(b) National Technology Production Company
(c) National Thermal Power Corporation
(d) National Tuberculosis Prevention Corporation
Answer : C
Question : Atomic power plant causes
(a) Water Pollution
(b) Noise Pollution
(c) Air Pollution
(d) Heat Pollution
Answer : D
Question : Manufacturing industries includes
(a) Crop production
(b) Fish production
(c) Plantation
(d) Sugar Production
Answer : D
Question : Manufacturing industries includes
(a) Converting raw material into ready good
(b) Transporting raw material
(c) Producing raw material
(d) Procuring raw material
Answer : A
Manufacturing Industries Class 10 NCERT geography SAQ
Describe any three main features of the chemical industry? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
It is fast-growing.
It is a very Diversified industry.
It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
Chemical Industry
Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. India produces good quality long-staple cotton (9232 lakh bales in 2004-05), still, it needs cotton from imports. India exports cotton yarn. If the home weaving sector is developed it could earn many benefits through proper utilization of cotton yarn.
Explain any three factors that influence the location of an industry. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
Nearness to raw materials i.e. coal, iron, etc, is an important factor of industrial location.
Market offers an important location.
Besides, a plentiful source of capital can invite industry in any location.
What is the contribution of industry to the national economy of India? Compare it with the East-Asian countries. What is the desired growth and present position of industry in GDP? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. In India, the share of the manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 percent of GDP – out of a total of 27 per cent for the industry. This is much lower in comparison to some East Asian economies, where it is 25 to 35 per cent. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 percent per annum.
Mention any two challenges faced by the jute industry in India. State any one step taken by the government to stimulate its demand. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
The two important challenges faced by the jute industry in India are as follows:
Stiff competition in the International market from synthetic substitutes and
To face the challenges of competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, and Thailand.
The government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging is one step on this line.
Jute Industry
Mention any two factors that have contributed to the healthy growth of the automobile industry in India? Name two centers where this industry is located. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
The introduction of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments.
The two centers of the automobile industry: Jamshedpur and Gurgaon.
Q7. What are the three main reasons for shifting the sugar mills to Maharashtra in recent years? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Three main reasons are as follows:
The cane produced has a higher sucrose content.
The cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season.
The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
. What is natural gas? What are its advantages? Name one region of India where its reserves are found. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum.
It is used as a source of energy as well as industrial raw materials in the petrochemical industry.
Large reserves of Natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin of Andhra Pradesh.
What are software technology parks? State any two points of significance of the Information Technology industry in India? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Software technology parks provide single window services and high data communication facilities to software experts.
The two significant points of IT industries are as follows:
It generates huge employment. Up to March 31, 2005, it employed over one million persons, 30 percent of which were women.
The industry has been a major foreign exchange earner through growing Business processes outsourcing (BPO) sources.
Examine how industrial pollution can affect freshwater resources. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Freshwater sources are polluted by organic and inorganic wastes and effluents discharged by industries into rivers. The main culprits are paper and pulp, chemical, textile petroleum, refineries, tanneries etc. industries.
Suggest any three measures to reduce the industrial pollution of freshwater resources. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
Minimizing the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
. Mention any six factors responsible for the location of jute mills in the Hugli basin. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
Proximity of the jute producing areas.
Cheap water transport facilities.
Good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw materials to the mills.
Abundant water for processing raw jute.
Cheap labor from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
Bank, insurance and port facilities for the export of jute goods.
Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states in India? Explain any three reasons. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Three main reasons are as follows:
The cane produced has a higher sucrose content.
The cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season.
The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Distinguish between an integrated steel plant and a mini steel plant stating three points of distinction. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
An Integrated steel plant is larger than a Mini Steel Plant.
Mini steel plants use steel scrap and sponge iron while Integrated steel plants use basic raw materials i.e. iron ore for making steel.
Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while the integrated steel plant produces only steel.
Explain any three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India. [2010 (T-2)]
Ans. Three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are as follows:
Power supply is erratic and machinery is backdated.
Output of labor is low.
Facing stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry.
Explain any three ways to control environmental degradation caused by industries. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
How are agriculture and industries interdependent on each other? Explain any three points. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Agriculture and industry go hand in hand.
The agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
Agriculture needs pumps, fertilizers, insecticides etc, which creates demand for industry to produce such items.
The competitiveness of manufacturing industries as well as the efficiency of production processes is both improved.
How do industries create thermal and noise pollution? Mention their consequences. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Hot water from factories when it is allowed to flow into rivers and ponds causes thermal pollution. Thermal pollution would affect aquatic life greatly. Industrial and construction activities by huge machinery create unwanted sounds of intolerable nature which impaired human ears and nervous breakdown.
Distinguish between agro-based and mineral-based industries. Also, give two examples of each. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. This is self-explanatory. Agro-based industries depend upon Agricultural products while mineral-based industries depend upon mineral resources. Cotton and jute are examples of the agro-based industry while Iron and steel, aluminum are examples of mineral-based.
Why is the iron and steel industry called the basic and heavy industry? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Iron and steel industry is called basic heavy industry because its:
Large scale of operation both input and output.
It's output i.e. steel is used for making machinery, construction, defense etc purposes as basic raw materials. Therefore it is called basic industry.
Iron and Steel Industry
“Agriculture and industry are not exclusive to each other. They move hand in hand.” Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Agriculture and industry go hand in hand.
The agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity
Agriculture needs pumps, fertilizers insecticides etc, which creates demand for industry to produce such items.
Competitiveness of manufacturing industries as well as efficiency of production processes are both improved.
Why is the cotton textile industry the largest industry in India today? Give any three reasons. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
The cotton textile industry contributes 14 per cent of the total industrial production.
It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the second largest after agriculture.
It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 per cent (4 percent of GDP).
How does industrial pollution degrade the environment? Explain with three examples. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. The three types of pollution caused by industries are air pollution, water pollution and Noise pollution.
Air pollution through the spewing of smoke from industry pollutes the air with sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Industrial wastes and effluents discharged through industries into rivers and ponds cause water pollution
Besides, industrial and construction activities generate noise pollution.
Explain any three factors which influence industrial locations. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
Nearness to raw materials i.e., coal, iron etc, is an important factor of industrial location.
Market offers an important location.
Besides, a plentiful source of capital can invite industry in any location.
Explain three major challenges faced by the sugar industry in India. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Major challenges faced by the sugar industry include the seasonal nature of the industry, old inefficient methods of production; transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximize the use of baggage.
Explain any three types of pollution caused by industries. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. The three types of pollution caused by industries are air pollution, water pollution and Noise pollution.
Air pollution through spewing of smoke from industry pollutes the air with sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Industrial wastes and effluents discharged through industries into rivers and ponds cause water pollution
Besides, industrial and construction activities generate noise pollution.
Why are most of the Iron and steel plants of India concentrated in the Chhota Nagpur plateau region? Give three reasons. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Chota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of steel plants because of the following factors:
Low cost of iron ore and high-grade raw materials in proximity.
Cheap labor.
Vast growth potential in the home market.
Why is the fertilizer industry almost widespread throughout the country? Give three reasons. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
The spread of the fertilizer industry rests on raw materials ie, coal, petroleum and natural gas and hence it is located near to it.
After the Green Revolution, it was expanded to many parts of the country where agricultural prosperity was achieved.
Fertilizers can be transported through pipelines to far off places which causes decentralization.
Explain any three factors responsible for the location of cotton textile industry in Mumbai and Ahmedabad. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Factors responsible for the location of cotton textile industry in Mumbai and Ahmedabad are:
Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities
Cheap labor
Moist climate
Study the table given below and answer questions that follow :
Total Finished Steel Production in India.
(a) What was the total finished steel production in India in 1950-51?
Ans. 1.04 million de tonnes.
(b) How much steel production increased in 2004-2005 as compared to the production in 1950-51?
Ans. 31.56 million tonnes
(c) Why is the per capita consumption of steel low in India? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Because of a huge population in comparison to steel production.
What is the meaning of the manufacturing industry? Why is it considered the backbone of economic development? Give two reasons. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Production of goods, in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called the manufacturing industry.
The manufacturing industry is considered as the backbone of economic development from the point of view:
It helps in modernizing agriculture which is the backbone of our economy.
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings much needed foreign exchange.
Mention any three objectives of National Jute Policy, 2005. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
Increasing productivity.
Improving quality.
Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per Hectare.
India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential’ Give any three reasons. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
Lower productivity of labor.
Irregular supply of energy.
Where was the first cement plant set up in India? Explain any two reasons for the fast expansion of the cement industry in India. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
In Chennai in 1904.
Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms.
Rapid growth of construction activities all over India.
“The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries”. Elaborate on the statement. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Resource utilization can not be made without the manufacturing industry. The manufacturing industry transforms raw materials into finished products which add value to it. Countries having a good number of manufacturing industries are able to utilize resources more fruitfully and are therefore considered as an advanced country. India's contribution to the manufacturing industry is 17 per cent as compared to 30 percent for Japan and 25 percent for France respectively.
Explain any three factors which are responsible for the decentralization of the cotton industry in India. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
Cater to the needs of large domestic markets.
Cotton growing areas have spread over many new areas – Rajasthan, Punjab.
Decentralized to provide the scope of incorporating traditional skills and design weaving in cotton silk, zari and embroidery etc.
Explain any three factors that affect the location of industries in a region. (2009)
Ans. Industrial locations are complex in nature. They are influenced by both physical and human factors.
Three important factors that influence the location of industries in a region are as follows:
(i) Availability of raw material: Raw materials required for the industry must be available cheaply and at close range or at well-linked places. Incase of industries using bulky raw material like iron, bauxite, etc., the ideal location is near the raw material sources.
(ii) Power resources: Power, energy or fuel is essential for the working of any industry. They are required for running the machines and as fuel in smelters in the case of the mineral-based industry. So, power resources like coal and electricity must be available in abundance in the vicinity where industry is located.
(iii) Market: The goods produced must have a market for their sale. The market influences the demand as well as the type of goods produced in a region. For example, cold regions like Jammu and Kashmir will have a requirement for woolen garments. So woolen textiles will be located in that region. Consumer goods industries and automobile industries are located near big towns and cities.
How do industries pollute air and water? Explain with examples. (2009)
Ans. Pollution is a negative effect of industrialisation. It adversely affects the environment and degrades it.
Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gasses, such as sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, dust sprays, mist and smoke in the atmosphere due to emission from industrial units. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. These cause respiratory diseases among the people working or living in such areas. Toxic gas leaks as during the Bhopal Gas Tragedy can be hazardous with long-term ill effects. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluent discharged into rivers.
The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical textile and dyeing, petroleum= refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries. These let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc., into water bodies. They turn big and small rivers into toxic streams. Iron and steel slags are dumped into water bodies, especially rivers, destroying aquatic life and making the water unfit for use.
The pollution of the Ganga and the Yamuna are examples of water pollution caused by industries. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants are drained into rivers or other water bodies.
What is the major difference between integrated steel plants and mini steel plants? (2011 D)
An integrated steel plant is large and handles everything in one complex—from putting together raw materials in the blast furnace to steel making, rolling and shaping. An integrated steel plant uses a blast furnace and iron-ore as raw material.
Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots also. They produce mild alloy steel of given specifications.
Why are most of the iron and steel industries concentrated in and around Chotanagpur Plateau Region? Give reasons. (2015 OD, 2014 D, 2012 OD)
Answer:
Reasons:
Low cost of iron-ore which is mined here.
High grade raw materials in close proximity.
Availability of cheap labor.
Vast growth potential in the home market.
Efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers.
Availability of power because this region has many thermal and hydel power plants.
Liberalization and FDI have also given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
What problems does the iron and steel industry in India face? (2011 OD, 2013 OD)
Or, Why is India not able to perform to her full potential in iron and steel production? Explain.
In Spite of being an important producer of iron and steel, India has not been able to exploit her complete potential, because of:
High cost of production and limited availability of coking coal.
Lower productivity of labor.
Irregular supply of energy.
Poor infrastructure.
Explain the main factors which are responsible for the concentration of jute mills along the banks of the Hugli river. (2014 D, 2012 OD)
Factors responsible for the concentration of jute industry on the banks of Hugli:
Proximity of the jute producing areas to the Hugli Basin.
Inexpensive water transport provided by the Hugli river.
It is well connected by a good network of railways, waterways and roadways to facilitate movement of raw materials to the mills.
Abundant water for processing raw jute.
Availability of cheap labor from West Bengal and the adjoining States of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
Kolkata, as a port and large urban center, provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
List factors which favored the location and concentration of cotton textile industry in Maharashtra
and Gujarat in the early years. (2012 D, 2015 OD)
Availability of raw cotton was abundant and cheap because these are the traditional cotton growing States.
Moist climate in these coastal States also helped in the development of the cotton textile industry because humid conditions are required for weaving the cloth, else the yarn breaks.
Well-developed transportation systems and accessible port facilities in Maharashtra and Gujarat led to their concentration there.
Proximity to the market is yet another factor as cotton clothes are ideal and comfortable to wear in these warm and humid States.
Cheap labor was abundantly available.
Manufacturing Industries Class 10 NCERT geography long question
List the major factors which affect the location of an industry at a place. What is the key to the decision of ‘factory location’? (2011 D, 2011 OD, 2015 D)
Raw material. Cheap and abundant availability of raw material. Industries which use heavy and perishable raw material have to be located close to the source of raw material.
Labor. Availability of cheap labor is necessary for keeping the cost of production low.
Power. Cheap and continuous supply of power is extremely necessary for continuity in the production process.
Capital. It is necessary for developing infrastructure, for the entire manufacturing process and for meeting manufacturing expenditure.
Banking and insurance facilities, favorable government policies are other factors which affect the location of an industry.
The ‘key’ to the decision of a factory location is least cost so that the venture is profitable.
“Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other, but move hand in hand.” Give arguments in favor of this statement. (2013 D)
Or, Explain with examples how industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture. (2015 D, 2012 OD)
Agriculture and industry in India are inseparable or interdependent on each other:
Agro-industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising its productivity.
Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials, e.g. cotton textile industry.
Industries provide many agricultural inputs like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, PVC pipes, machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
Manufacturing industries have assisted agriculturists to increase their production and also made the production processes very efficient.
Development of different modes of transport by the industrial sector has not only helped farmers to obtain agricultural inputs but has also helped them trade their products.
Write the importance of the ‘manufacturing sector’ for our nation.
Or, “Manufacturing industry is considered the backbone of economic development of India.” Give reasons. (2015 OD, 2011 D)
Importance of manufacturing industries for India:
It helps in modernizing agriculture, which is the base of our economy.
It reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in non-agricultural sectors.
Industrial development is necessary for eradication of poverty and unemployment because people get jobs and generate more income.
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
Industries bring riches faster to a nation because manufacturing changes raw materials into finished goods of a higher value, so industrial development brings prosperity to the country.
What is manufacturing? To which sector of economy does it belong?
Or
“The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries”. Support the statement with arguments. (2016 D)
Manufacturing. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
Manufacturing belongs to the secondary sector in which the primary materials are processed and converted into finished goods. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
Classify industries on the basis of :
(a) Capital investment,
(b) Ownership
(c) Bulk and weight of raw material and finished product.
Ans. Industries can be classified into the following categories :
(a) On the basis of capital investment :
Large scale industries make large capital investments of more than one crore of rupees. They employ large numbers of people and use a large number of machineries, e.g. cotton textile.
Small scale industries involve capital outlay of less than one crore rupees, employ a smaller number of laborers and use few power-driven machinery, e.g. cycle parts manufacturing.
(b) On the basis of ownership :
Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g. Rourkela Steel Plant.
Private sector industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals, e.g. Bajaj Auto Ltd.
Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state and individual entrepreneurs e.g. Oil India Ltd.
Cooperative sector industries are owned and managed by the producers and suppliers of raw materials or by workers. They pool in their resources and share the profits and losses proportionately, e.g., the sugar industry in Maharashtra.
(c) On the basis of bulk or weight of raw material and finished products :
Heavy industries use bulky raw materials and their finished products are also heavy, e.g., iron and steel industries.
Light industries use light raw materials and their finished products are also light, eg. electrical industries producing bulbs.
Mention the factors responsible for localisation of the cotton textile industry in the Maharashtra- Gujarat region in early years. What factors were responsible for the decentralization of the industry? Mention three main problems faced by the industry. What is the contribution of the textile industry to the Indian economy?
Ans. The favorable factors for the location of cotton textile industry in Maharashtra–Gujarat region in early years were as follows :
(a) Availability of raw cotton from the cotton growing belt of Deccan in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
(b) The port of Mumbai facilitating export of cotton goods and import of machineries and other inputs.
(c) Moist climate in the belt facilitated spinning.
(d) Market for the finished goods.
(e) Finance or capital from Parsi and Bhatia traders.
(f) Good transport network.
(g) Availability of cheap and skilled labor.
Huge market, development of transport network, banking facilities and availability of cheap electricity contributed to the decentralization of cotton mills in the country. Weaving is highly decentralized to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, zari, embroidery, etc., prevalent among local weavers in different parts of India.
Three major problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are :
(i) Erratic Power Supply.
(ii) Old and obsolete machinery and
(iii) Stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry.
The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy :
(a) It contributes significantly to industrial production, 14 percent of the total production of industries comes from textiles.
(b) It provides employment to about 35 million people directly.
(c) It contributes about 24.6 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country.
(d) Textiles contribute 4 percent towards GDP.
How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? Name the integrated steel plants of India. What are the problems faced by this industry? What is India’s present position with regard to manufacturing and consumption of iron and steel?
Ans. Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric and induction furnaces, and use steel scrap and sponge iron as raw material. They may have re-rollers manufacturing bar and rods. They produce mild and alloy steel and also liquid steel which are turned into ingots. They are decentralized secondary units scattered across the country to meet local demands. An integrated steel plant is large and handles everything in one complex from assembling raw material and melting of iron ore in the blast furnace to steel making, rolling and shaping. They are usually concentrated near the sources of raw materials and market.
Presently there are 10 integrated steel plants in India, which are as follows :
(a) Indian Iron and Steel Company, IISCO at Kulti and Burnpur, West Bengal.
(b) Tata Iron and Steel Company, TISCO at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
(c) Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant, at Bhadravati, Karnataka.
(d) Bhilai Steel Plant, at Bhilai, Chhattisgarh.
(e) Bokaro Steel Plant, at Bokaro, Jharkhand.
(f) Durgapur Steel Plant, at Durgapur, West Bengal.
(g) Rourkela Steel Plant, at Rourkela, Orissa.
(h) Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
(i) Salem Steel Plant, Salem, Tamil Nadu.
(j) Vijayanagar Steel Plant in Karnataka.
Though India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to the following problems faced by the industry:
(i) High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
(ii) Lower productivity of labor.
(iii) Irregular supply of energy.
(iv) Poor infrastructure.
Today with 32.8 million tons of steel production, India ranks ninth among the world crude steel producers.
It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In spite of the large quantity of production of steel, per capita consumption of steel per annum is only 32 kg.
In which region are most of the jute mills of India concentrated? Why? What are the challenges faced by this industry? What step has resulted in the increase of internal demands of jute in recent years?
Ans. Most of the jute mills of India are concentrated in the Hooghly basin in West Bengal. It is a narrow belt 98 km long and 3 km wide along the Hooghly river.
The factors responsible for the localisation of the jute industry in this region are as follows :
(i) Proximity to the jute producing areas of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. West Bengal is the leading producer of raw jute in the country and provides the mills with the required raw material.
(ii) Abundant water for processing of raw jute.
(iii) Cheap water transport, supported by a good network of railways and roadways, facilitates the movement of raw materials to the mills.
(iv) Cheap labor from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(v) Banking and insurance facilities from the city of Kolkata.
(vi) Port facilities of Kolkata for export of jute goods.
Challenges faced by the jute industry are as follows :
(i) Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
(ii) Competition from other jute goods producing countries like Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Egypt and Brazil.
(iii) Decrease in demand for packing materials and jute carpet, and high cost of production.
(iv) Old and inefficient machineries.
To face the competition from synthetic fibers and other countries producing jute, the government has taken measures to boost up production of jute goods. In 2005, the National Jute Policy was formulated with this objective. Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging has resulted in the increase of internal demand for jute in recent years.
Write about the role of Information Technology Industry in modern India. What are software technology parks and where in India are they located?
Ans. Information Technology industry or IT as it is popularly known, specialise in Research and Development (R&D), manufacture of electronics and production of hardware and software. A major impact of this industry in India has been on employment generation. Upto 31st March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number was expected to increase eight fold in the following 3 to 4 years. This means that by 2008-2009 the IT industry was expected to provide employment to nearly 8 million people. The industry has also provided employment opportunities to women, and about 30 percent of the people employed in this sector are women.
The IT industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last few years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. The continuing growth in hardware and software is the key to the success of the IT industry in India. The IT industry has provided India a special position in the industrial world. Software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facilities to software exports. There are 18 software technology parks in India. They are located at Srinagar, Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Mysore, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram and Visakhapatnam.
Discuss the role of NTPC in paving the way to control environmental degradation.
Ans. NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environmental Management System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil, gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants. This is achieved through the following methods :
(a) Optimum utilization of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
(b) Minimizing waste generation by maximizing ash utilization.
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balances and encouraging afforestation.
(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
(e) Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
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