Resource and Development class 10 geography MCQ & SAQ

Resource and Development class 10 geography NCERT SOLUTION:

(i) Which one of the following types of resource is iron ore?

(a) Renewable

(b) Biotic

(c) Flow

(d) Non-renewable

► (d) Non-renewable

 

(ii) Under which of the following types of resources can tidal energy be put?

(a) Replenishable

(b) Human-made

(c) Abiotic

(d) Non-recyclable

► (a) Replenishable

 

(iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?

(a) Intensive cultivation

(b) Deforestation

(c) Over irrigation

(d) Overgrazing

► (c) Over irrigation

 

(iv) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced?

(a) Punjab

(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh

(c) Haryana

(d) Uttarakhand

► (d) Uttarakhand

 

(v) In which of the following states is black soil found?

(a) Jammu and Kashmir

(b) Maharashtra

(c) Rajasthan

(d) Jharkhand

► (b) Maharashtra

 

(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.

(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.

(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.

 

(i) Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are states having black soil.

Cotton is mainly grown in black soil.

 

(ii) Alluvial Soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast.

Three features of alluvial soil:

→ Alluvial soils are very fertile.

→ They are ideal for growing sugarcane, wheat and paddy.

→ The regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

 

(iii) In hilly areas, soil erosion can be controlled by plowing across contour-lines, making use of terrace farming techniques and using strips of grasses to check soil erosion by wind and water.

 

(iv) Biotic Resources: The resources which are obtained from the biosphere and have life are called Biotic Resources. For example, animals and plants including human beings.

Abiotic Resources: The resources which are composed of non-living things are called Abiotic Resources. For example, water, minerals, metals, wind, solar energy etc.

 

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Explain land use patterns in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?

(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

(i) Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, land meant for pasture and grazing, and waste land. Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas, and land used for other non-agricultural purposes such as housing, roads and industry. According to the recent data, about 54% of the total land area is cultivable or fallow, 22.78% is covered by forests, and 3.38% is used for grazing. The rest is waste land, with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.

The land under forest has not increased since 1960–61 because in the post-independence era demand for more land to expand agriculture, mainly after the Green Revolution, developmental works and infrastructural facilities, led to clearance of forest areas. Industrialisation and urbanization also decreased the forest area. Thus, land under forest has increased by only about 4% since 1960-61.

 

(ii) Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources on account of various factors such as:

→ Technological development provides sophisticated equipment. As a result, production increases, ultimately leading to consumption of more resources.

→ Technological development also leads to economic development. When the economic condition of a country rises, the needs of people also rise. It again results in more consumption of resources.

→ Economic development provides a favorable environment for the development of the latest technologies. It helps to make or convert various materials found around us into resources. Finally, it results in the consumption of new available resources too.

 

Project/Activity

 

4.  Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.

(i) Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals.

(ii) A type of non-renewable resource.

(iii) Soil with high water retaining capacity.

(iv) Intensively leached soils of the monsoon climate.

(v) Plantation of trees on a large scale to check soil erosion.

(vi) The Great Plains of India are made up of these soils.

 

Answer

 

(i) Resources

(ii) Minerals

(iii) Black

(iv) Laterite

(v) Afforestation

(vi) Alluvial

Resource and Development class 10 geography MCQ 

Question 1.

Which of the following methods does not help in soil conservation?

(a) Contour plowing

(b) Strip cropping

(c) Creating shelter belts

(d) Plowing up and down the slopes

Answer

Answer: (d) Plowing up and down the slopes

---

Question 2.

Which one of the following is a renewable resource?

(a) Coal

(b) Petroleum

(c) Solar energy

(d) Fossil fuels

Answer

Answer: (c) Solar energy

---

Question 3.

The alluvial soil consists of

(a) sand

(b) silt

(c) clay

(d) all of the above

Answer

Answer: (d) all of the above

---

Question 4.

One of the following which does not check land degradation-

(a) control on overgrazing

(b) creating shelter belts

(c) deforestation

(d) afforestation

Answer

Answer: (c) deforestation

---

Question 5.

Burial ground is a

(a) community owned resource

(b) national resource

(c) individual resource

(d) international resource

Answer

Answer: (a) community owned resource

---

Question 6.

Laterite soil is very useful for growing:

(a) Rice, wheat and mustard

(b) Tea, coffee and cashew nut

(c) Pulses, sugarcane and resin

(d) None of the above

Answer

Answer: (b) Tea, coffee and cashew nut

---

Question 7.

Black soil is deficient in

(a) Calcium carbonate

(b) Magnesium

(c) Potash

(d) Phosphoric contents

Answer

Answer: (d) Phosphoric contents

---

Question 8.

Which of the following soils has self-aeration capacity?

(a) Alluvial

(b) Red soil

(c) Black soil

(d) Mountain soil

Answer

Answer: (c) Black soil

---

Question 9.

Plowing along the contour lines to decelerate the flow of water down the slopes is called:

(a) Strip cropping

(b) Sheet erosion

(c) Contour plowing

(d) Terrace cultivation

Answer

Answer: (c) Contour plowing

---

Question 10.

Which of the following is not a measure for soil conservation?

(a) Strip cropping

(b) Terrace cultivation

(c) Shelterbelts

(d) Overdrawing of groundwater

Answer

Answer: (d) Overdrawing of groundwater

---

Question 11.

Resources which are found in a region but have not been utilized are called

(a) developed resources

(b) stock

(c) international resources

(d) potential resources

Answer

Answer: (d) potential resources

---

Question 12.

Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?

(a) Extensive cultivation

(b) Deforestation

(c) Overgrazing

(d) Over-irrigation

Answer

Answer: (d) Over-irrigation

---

Question 13.

Soil formed by intense leaching is:

(a) alluvial soil

(b) red soil

(c) laterite soil

(d) desert soil

Answer

Answer: (c) laterite soil

---

Question 14.

Which cold desert is relatively isolated from the rest of the country?

(a) Leh

(b) Kargil

(c) Ladakh

(d) Dras

Answer

Answer: (c) Ladakh

---

Question 15.

Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?

(a) Intensive Cultivation

(b) Overgrazing

(c) Deforestation

(d) Over-irrigation

Answer

Answer: (d) Over-irrigation

---

Question 16.

What is the percentage share of plains in the total land area?

(a) 43%

(b) 23%

(c) 33%

(d) 27%

Answer

Answer: (a) 43%

---

Question 17.

Which one of the following states mostly has laterite soil?

(a) Uttar Pradesh

(b) Bihar

(c) Rajasthan

(d) Meghalaya

Answer

Answer: (d) Meghalaya

---

Question 18.

There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody's greed,’’ who among the following has given the above statement?

(a) Vinoba Bhave

(b) Mahatma Gandhi

(c) Jawaharlal Nehru

(d) Atal Behari Vajpayee

Answer

Answer: (b) Mahatma Gandhi

---

Question 19.

Which one of the following is a Biotic Resource?

(a) Land

(b) Water

(c) Human beings

(d) Rocks

Answer

Answer: (c) Human beings

---

Question 20.

Which one of the following is not the community owned resource?

(a) Grazing grounds

(b) Burial grounds

(c) Village ponds

(d) Privately owned house

Answer

Answer: (d) Privately owned house

---

Question 21.

In which of the following states is overgrazing responsible for land degradation?

(a) Jharkhand and Orissa

(b) Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan

(c) Punjab and Haryana

(d) Kerala and Tamil Nadu

Answer

Answer: (b) Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan

---

Question 22.

How can the resources be classified on the basis of their origin?

(a) Biotic and Abiotic

(b) Renewable and Non-renewable

(c) Individual and Community

(d) Potential and Reserves

Answer

Answer: (a) Biotic and Abiotic

---

Question 23.

Which one of the following soil is ideal for growing cotton?

(a) Regur Soil

(b) Laterite Soil

(c) Desert Soil

(d) Mountainous Soil

Answer

Answer: (a) Regur Soil

---

Question 24.

Which among the following is a type of resource classified on the basis of exhaustibility?

(a) Biotic and abiotic

(b) Renewable and non-renewable

(c) National and individual

(d) Potential and reserves

Answer

Answer: (b) Renewable and non-renewable

---

Question 25.

What is the arrangement of soil in different layers or horizons known as?

(a) Soil Composition

(b) Soil Erosion

(c) Soil Profile

(d) Soil Texture

Answer

Answer: (c) Soil Profile

Question : Coal, iron ore, petroleum, diesel etc. are the examples of

a) Biotic resources               b) Abiotic resources

c) Renewable resources       d) Non Renewable resources

Answer : D

Question : Which one of the following terms is used to identify the old and new alluvial respectively ?

a) Khadas & Tarai             b) Tarai & Bangar

c) Bangar & Khadar          d) Tarai & Dvars

Answer :  C

Question : Which one of the following soil is the best for cotton cultivation ?

a) Red soil                       b) Black soil

c) Laterite soil                  d) Alluvial soil

Answer :  B

Question : How much percentage of forest area in the country according to the National Forest Policy.

a) 33%                              b) 37%

c) 27%                              d) 31%

Answer :  A

Question : Which type of soil develops due to high temperature and evaporation ?

a) Arid Soil                        b) Forest Soil

c) Black Soil                     d) Red Soil

Answer :  A

Question : Which one of the following resources can be acquired by the Nation ?

a) Potential resources        b) International resources

c) National resources         d) Public resources

Answer :  C

Question : Which one of the following is responsible for sheet erosion ?

a) Underground water         b) Wind

c) Glacier                          d) Water

Answer :  D

Question : Which one of the following methods is used to break up the force of wind?

a) Shelter belt                    b) Strip Cropping

c) Contour plowing          d) Terrace farming

Answer :  A

Question : Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Madhya Pradesh ?

a) Mining                           b) Overgrazing

c) Deforestation                  d) Over Irrigation

Answer :  C

Question : Which one of the following statements refers to sustainable development ?

a) Overall development of various resources

b) Development should take place without damaging the environment.

c) Economic development of people.

d) Development that meets the desires of the members of all communities

Answer :  B

 

Question :  The following factor(s) is (are) responsible for degradation of soil

• a) All of the options

• b) Chemical fertilizers

• c) Landslides

• d) Floods

Answer: All of the options

 

Question :  The total percent of land of world under forest is

• a) 31

• b) 26

• c) 36

• d) 41

Answer: 31

 

Question :  The process in which different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash, is known as

• a) Intercropping

• b) Crop rotation

• c) Terrace farming

• d) Contour cropping

Answer: Intercropping

 

Question :  The process in which bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic matter like straw, is called

• a) Mulching

• b) Contour carriers

• c) Shelterbelts

• d) Intercropping

Answer: Mulching

 

Question :  7-The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called

• a) Soil

• b) Sand

• c) Mineral

• d) Organic matter

Answer: Soil

 

Question :  The following is (are) the non-renewable resources

• a) All of the options

• b) Coal

• c) Petroleum

• d) Natural gas

Answer: All of the options

 

Question :  Deciduous forests shed their leaves in a particular season to conserve loss of moisture through

• a) Transpiration

• b) Evaporation

• c) Both transpiration and evaporation

• d) None of the options

Answer: Transpiration

 

Question :  Freshwater accounts for only ____ percent.

• a) 2.7

• b) 1.7

• c) 3.7

• d) 4.7

Answer: 2.7

 

Question :  Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called

• a) Sustainable development

• b) Resource conservation

• c) Resource development

• d) Human resource development

Answer: Sustainable development

 

Question :  The resources which are found everywhere are known as

• a) Ubiquitous

• b) Non-renewable resources

• c) Human made resources

• d) None of the options

Answer: Ubiquitous

 

Question :  The resources can be conserved by

• a) All of the options

• b) Reducing consumption

• c) Recycling

• d) Reusing

Answer: All of the options

  

Question :  Land covers only about ____ percent of the total area of the earth's surface

• a) 30

• b) 20

• c) 25

• d) 35

Answer: 30

 

Question :  The following is (are) not a factor(s) of soil formation

• a) Soil texture

• b) Organic matter

• c) Time

• d) All of the options

Answer: Soil texture

 

Question :  Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is a

• a) Public sector industry

• b) Private sector industry

• c) Joint sector industry

• d) Co-operative sector industry

Answer: Public sector industry

 

Question :  Maruti Udyog Limited is a

• a) Joint sector industry

• b) Private sector industry

• c) Public sector industry

• d) Co-operative sector industry

Answer: Joint sector industry

 

Question :  Cotton textile industry requires

• a) Both Warm climate and Moist climate

• b) Warm climate

• c) Moist climate

• d) None of the options

Answer: Both Warm climate and Moist climate

 

Question :  The following city is often referred to as Manchester of India?

• a) Ahmadabad

• b) Mumbai

• c) Surat

• d) Kolkata

Answer: Ahmadabad

 

Question :  The following is an important textile center of Japan

• a) Osaka

• b) Hiroshima

• c) Tokyo

• d) Nagoya

Answer: Osaka

 

Question :  The following is also known as Sunrise industry.

• a) All of the options

• b) Iron and steel industry

• c) Cotton textile

• d) Information technology

Answer: All of the options

  

Question :  The average density of population in the whole world is ___ persons per square km

• a) 51

• b) 21

• c) 31

• d) 41

Answer: 51

 

Question :  The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is called the

• a) Natural growth rate

• b) Normal growth rate

• c) Actual growth rate

• d) None of the options

Answer: Natural growth rate

 

Question :  62-Sudan has experienced a loss in population due to

• a) Emigration

• b) Immigration

• c) Both Emigration and Immigration

• d) None of the options

Answer: Emigration

 

Question :  The factor(s) responsible for population change is (are)

• a) All of the options

• b) Births

• c) Deaths

• d) Migration

Answer: All of the options

 

Question :  Shifting cultivation is a type of

• a) Primitive subsistence agriculture

• b) Commercial farming

• c) Intensive subsistence agriculture

• d) None of the options

Answer: Primitive subsistence agriculture

 

Question :  The largest producer of maize in the world is

• a) Brazil

• b) China

• c) India

• d) USA

Answer: Brazil

 

Question :  The largest producer of cotton in the world is

• a) China

• b) India

• c) Brazil

• d) USA

Answer: China

 

Question :  Jute requires

• a) All of the options

• b) Alluvial soil

• c) High temperature

• d) Heavy rainfall

Answer: All of the options

 

Question :  The leading producer of jute is

• a) India

• b) Myanmar

• c) Bangladesh

• d) Pakistan

Answer: India

 

Question :  The suitable condition for production of coffee is (are)

• a) All of the options

• b) Warm and wet climate

• c) Well drained loamy soil

• d) Hill slopes

Answer: All of the options

 

Question :  The leading producer of coffee is

• a) Brazil

• b) India

• c) Sri-lanka

• d) Columbia

Answer: Brazil

 

Question :  Production of tea requires

• a) Cool climate and high rainfall

• b) Hot climate and high rainfall

• c) Cool climate and low rainfall

• d) Hot climate and low rainfall

Answer: Cool climate and high rainfall

 

Question :  The leading producer of tea is

• a) China

• b) Brazil

• c) India

• d) Sri lanka

Answer: China

 

Question :  Which of the following comes under primary activities?

• a) Agriculture

• b) Manufacturing

• c) Transportation

• d) None of the options

Answer: Agriculture

Question :  Which country has no known mineral deposits?

• a) Switzerland

• b) Hungry

• c) Austria

• d) Netherlands

Answer: Switzerland

 

Question :  The largest producer of bauxite in the world is

• a) Australia

• b) China

• c) USA

• d) Russia

Answer: Australia

 

Question :  The largest producer of mica in the world is

• a) India

• b) Australia

• c) China

• d) Canada

Answer: India

 

Question :  Kolar in ________ has deposits of gold in India

• a) Karnataka

• b) Tamil Nadu

• c)  Kerala

• d) Andhra Pradesh

Answer: Karnataka

 

Question :  Silicon, used in the computer industry is obtained from

• a) Quartz

• b) Bauxite

• c) Cuprite

• d) Magnetite

Answer: Quartz

 

Question :  Bauxite is an ore of

• a) Aluminum

• b) Iron

• c) Copper

• d) Mica

Answer: Aluminum

 

Question :  Which of the following is referred to as Buried sunshine?

• a) Coal

• b) Petroleum

• c) Gold

• d) Diamond

Answer: Coal

 

Question :  Petroleum means

• a) Rock oil

• b) Land oil

• c) Black oil

• d) Shell oil

Answer: Rock oil

 

Question :  Bio-gas is primarily a mixture of

• a) Methane and carbon dioxide

• b) Methane and Oxygen

• c) Propane and carbon dioxide

• d) Propane and oxygen

Answer: Methane and carbon dioxide

 

Question :  Viticulture is

• a) Cultivation of grapes

• b) Growing vegetables

• c) Breeding of fish

• d) Rearing of silkworms

Answer: Cultivation of grapes

 

Question :  Which country has no known mineral deposits?

• a) Switzerland

• b) Hungry

• c) Austria

• d) Netherlands

Answer: Switzerland

 

Question :  The largest producer of bauxite in the world is

• a) Australia

• b) China

• c) USA

• d) Russia

Answer: Australia

 

Question :  The largest producer of mica in the world is

• a) India

• b) Australia

• c) China

• d) Canada

Answer: India

 

Question :  Kolar in ________ has deposits of gold in India

• a) Karnataka

• b) Tamil Nadu

• c) Kerala

• d) Andhra Pradesh

Answer: Karnataka

 

Question :  Silicon, used in the computer industry is obtained from

• a) Quartz

• b) Bauxite

• c) Cuprite

• d) Magnetite

Answer: Quartz

 

Question :  Bauxite is an ore of

• a) Aluminum

• b) Iron

• c) Copper

• d) Mica

Answer: Aluminum

 

Question :  Which of the following is referred to as Buried sunshine?

• a) Coal

• b) Petroleum

• c) Gold

• d) Diamond

Answer: Coal

 

Question :  Petroleum means

• a) Rock oil

• b) Land oil

• c) Black oil

• d) Shell oil

Answer: Rock oil

 

Question :  Bio-gas is primarily a mixture of

• a) Methane and carbon dioxide

• b) Methane and Oxygen

• c) Propane and carbon dioxide

• d) Propane and oxygen

Answer: Methane and carbon dioxide

 

Question :  Viticulture is

• a) Cultivation of grapes

• b) Growing vegetables

• c) Breeding of fish

• d) Rearing of silkworms

Answer: Cultivation of grapes

Question :  The following is also known as Golden fiber.

• a) Jute

• b) Cotton

• c) Wool

• d) Silk

Answer: Jute

 

Question :  Cotton requires

• a) High temperature, light rainfall

• b) Low temperature, light rainfall

• c) High temperature, high rainfall

• d) Low temperature, high rainfall

Answer: High temperature, light rainfall

 

Question :  The largest producer of rice in the world is

• a) China

• b) India

• c) Japan

• d) Indonesia

Answer: China

 

Question :  A natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations, is called

• a) National park

• b) Biosphere reserve

• c) Bird sanctuaries

• d) Wildlife sanctuaries

Answer: National park

 

Question :  A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a

• a) Mineral

• b) Compound

• c) Metal

• d) Rock

Answer: Mineral

 

Question :  The following is (are) non-metallic mineral(s)

• a) All of the options

• b) Limestone

• c) Mica

• d) Gypsum

Answer: All of the options

 

Question :  Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer; this is known as

• a) Open-cast mining

• b) Shaft mining

• c) Drilling

• d) All of the options

Answer: Open-cast mining

 

Question :  Non-metallic minerals are found in

• a) Sedimentary rocks

• b) Igneous rocks

• c) Metamorphic rocks

• d) All of the options

Answer: Sedimentary rocks

 

Question :  China also leads in production of

• a) All of the options

• b) Lead

• c) Antimony

• d) Tungsten

Answer: All of the options

 

Question :  The following is the world's leading tin producer

• a) China

• b) Malaysia

• c) Indonesia

• d) India

Answer: China

 

Question :  The major factor(s) of soil formation is (are)

• a) All of the options

• b) The nature of the parent rock

• c) Climatic factors

• d) Time taken for the composition of soil formation

Answer: All of the options

 

Question :  ______ is a leading producer of copper.

• a) Chile

• b) Peru

• c) Argentina

• d) Brazil

Answer: Chile

 

Question :  The first country in the world to develop hydroelectricity is

• a) Norway

• b) China

• c) England

• d) USA

Answer: Norway

 

Question :  _____ has the world's largest geothermal power plants

• a) USA

• b) Australia

• c) China

• d) Canada

Answer: USA

 

Question :  The first tidal energy station was built in

• a) France

• b) Spain

• c) Portugal

• d) Denmark

Answer: France

 

Question :  Minerals can be extracted by

• a) All of the options

• b) Mining

• c) Drilling

• d) Quarrying

Answer: All of the options

 

Question :  Which of the following countries is the largest producer of coal?

• a) China

• b) India

• c) USA

• d) Australia

Answer: China

 

Question :  Series of protected areas linked through a global network, intended to demonstrate the relationship between conservation and development, is called

• a) Biosphere reserve

• b) National park

• c) Bird sanctuaries

• d) Wildlife sanctuaries

Answer: Biosphere reserve

 

Question :  The following is called Black gold.

• a) Petroleum

• b) Coal

• c) Bauxite

• d) None of the options

Answer: Petroleum

 

Question :  The following is the world's leading iron-ore producer

• a) China

• b) Russia

• c) France

• d) India

Answer: China

Question : Coal, iron ore, petroleum, diesel etc. are the examples of

• a) Biotic resources

• b) Abiotic resources

• c) Renewable resources

• d) Non Renewable resources

Answer: Non Renewable resources

Question : Which one of the following terms is used to identify the old and new alluvial respectively ?

• a) Khadas & Tarai

• b) Tarai & Bangar

• c) Bangar & Khadar

• d) Tarai & Dvars

Answer: Bangar & Khadar

Question : Which one of the following soil is the best for cotton cultivation ?

• a) Red soil

• b) Black soil

• c) Laterite soil

• d) Alluvial soil

Answer: Black soil

Question : How much percentage of forest area in the country according to the National Forest Policy.

• a) 33%

• b) 37%

• c) 27%

• d) 31%

Answer: 33%

Question : Which type of soil develops due to high temperature and evaporation ?

• a) Arid Soil

• b) Forest Soil

• c) Black Soil

• d) Red Soil

Answer: Arid Soil

Question : Which one of the following resources can be acquired by the Nation ?

• a) Potential resources

• b) International resources

• c) National resources

• d) Public resources

Answer: National resources

Question : Which one of the following is responsible for sheet erosion ?

• a) Underground water

• b) Wind

• c) Glacier

• d) Water

Answer: Water

Question : Which one of the following methods is used to break up the force of wind?

• a) Shelter belt

• b) Strip Cropping

• c) Contour plowing

• d) Terrace farming

Answer: Shelter belt

Question : Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Madhya Pradesh ?

• a) Mining

• b) Overgrazing

• c) Deforestation

• d) Over Irrigation

Answer: Deforestation

Question :  How much percentage of forest area in the country according to the National Forest Policy

• a) 0.33

• b) 0.37

• c) 0.31

• d) 0.27

Answer :  0.33

 

Question :  Which one of the following term is used to identify the old and new alluvial respectively

• a) Bangar & Khadar

• b) Tarai & Bangar

• c) Khadas & Tarai

• d) Tarai & Dvars

Answer :  Bangar & Khadar

 

Question :  On the Basis of ownership resources can be classified into

• a) Four Types

• b) Two Types

• c) None of the options

• d) Three Types

Answer :  Four Types

 

Question :  How much percentage of land is plain in India

• a) 0.43

• b) 0.45

• c) 0.41

• d) 0.47

Answer :  0.43

 

Question :  Resource which can be renewed again are

• a) Renewable Resources

• b) Potential Resource

• c) Stock

• d) National Resource

Answer :  Renewable Resources

 

Question :  Which one of the following statements refers to the sustainable development

• a) Development should take place without damaging the environment

• b) Overall development of various resources

• c) Economic development of people

• d) Development that meets the desires of the members of all communities

Answer :  Development should take place without damaging the environment

 

Question :  Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Madhya Pradesh

• a) Deforestation

• b) Mining

• c) Overgrazing

• d) Over Irrigation

Answer :  Deforestation

 

Question :  Which one of the following method is used to break up the force of wind

• a) Shelter belt

• b) Strip Cropping

• c) Terrace farming

• d) Contour plowing

Answer :  Shelter belt

 

Question :  Which one of the following is responsible for sheet erosion

• a) Water

• b) Glacier

• c) Underground water

• d) Wind

Answer :  Water

 

Question :  Which one of the following resources can be acquired by a Nation

• a) National resources

• b) International resources

• c) Public resources

• d) Potential resources

Answer :  National resources

 

Question :  Which type of soil develops due to high temperature and evaporation

• a) Arid Soil

• b) Black Soil

• c) Forest Soil

• d) Red Soil

Answer :  Arid Soil

 

Question :  How much percentage of forest area in the country according to the National Forest Policy

• a) 0.33

• b) 0.37

• c) 0.31

• d) 0.27

Answer :  0.33

 

Question :  Which one of the following soil is the best for cotton cultivation

• a) Black soil

• b) Alluvial soil

• c) Laterite soil

• d) Red soil

Answer :  Black soil

 

Question :  Which one of the following term is used to identify the old and new alluvial respectively

• a) Bangar & Khadar

• b) Tarai & Bangar

• c) Khadas & Tarai

• d) Tarai & Dvars

Answer :  Bangar & Khadar

 

Question :  Coal, iron ore, petroleum, diesel etc. are the examples of

• a) Non Renewable resources

• b) Renewable resources

• c) Biotic resources

• d) Abiotic resources

Answer :  Non Renewable resources

 

Question :  Which one of the following in the main cause of land and water pollution in India in recent years

• a) Industrial Effluents

• b) Deforestation

• c) None of the options

• d) Chemical Fertilizer

Answer :  Industrial Effluents

 

Question :  In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced

• a) Uttaranchal

• b) Uttar Pradesh

• c) Haryana

• d) Punjab

Answer :  Uttaranchal

  

Question :  Soil is a

• a) Renewable Resource

• b) Potential Resource

• c) None of them

• d) Non- Resource

Answer :  Renewable Resource

 

Question :  How many Economic zones are there in India

• a) Five

• b) Two

• c) One

• d) Ten

Answer :  Five

 

Question :  On the Basis of ownership resources can be classified into

• a) Four Types

• b) Two Types

• c) None of Them

• d) Three Types

Answer :  Four Types

 

Question :  Which one of the following is an example of non- renewable resources

• a) Petroleum

• b) Tidal Energy

• c) Hydel Energy

• d) Solar Energy

Answer :  Petroleum

 Question :  They are Gifts of Nature which satisfy Human wants

• a) Resources

• b) a Thing

• c) None of Them

• d) A Commodity

Answer :  Resources

 

Question :  Which one of the following is an example of Biotic Resource

• a) Flora

• b) Mineral

• c) Mountain

• d) Rock

Answer :  Flora

 

Question :  Land degradation due to over irrigation can be seen in the states of

• a) Punjab and Haryana

• b) Mizoram

• c) Assam

• d) Orissa

Answer :  Punjab and Haryana

 

Question :  Soil can be Conserved by

• a) Planting of Trees

• b) Overgrazing

• c) Excessive mining

• d) Cutting of Trees

Answer :  Planting of Trees

  

Question :  Which Soil is known as Black Cotton soil

• a) Black Soil

• b) Mountain Soil

• c) Red Soil

• d) Arid Soil

Answer :  Black Soil

 

Question :  How much percentage of land is plain in India

• a) 0.43

• b) 0.45

• c) 0.41

• d) 0.47

Answer :  0.43

 

Question :  In which year was the Earth Summit held

• a) 1992

• b) 1991

• c) 1990

• d) 1993

Answer :  1992

 

Question :  Resource which can be renewed again are

• a) Renewable Resources

• b) Potential Resource

• c) Stock

• d) National Resource

Answer :  Renewable Resources

 

Question :  Khader is a type of

• a) Alluvial Soil

• b) Laterite Soil

• c) Desert Soil

• d) Black Soil

Answer :  Alluvial Soil

Resource and Development class 10 geography  SAQ

Q 1. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources.

 

Q 2. Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar. Name any two states where alluvial soils are found.

 

Q 3. What is resource planning? Give three phases of resource planning. Resource planning is the proper and judicious planning of resources. Three processes are involved. Resources are put to use according to availability and needs for the development of the Economy.

The three processes are:(a) Identification and inventory of resources across various regions of the country. It involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation, and measurement of the resources.

(b) Evolving a planning structure, endowed with appropriate technological skill and institutional setup for implementing resource development plans.

(c) Synchronizing resource development with overall national development plans.

 

Q 4. Differentiate between stock resources and reserves.

 

Q 5. Explain what is meant by national resources and individual resources?

National Resources: Technically all resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for the public good. All the minerals, water, forest, wildlife, land without the political boundary, and oceanic area up to 12 Nautical miles from the coast are National Resources.

Individual Resources: The resources that are owned by individuals - like farming own farms, residential plots, plantation, and all household goods, etc.

 

Q 6. Explain the resources on the basis of origin and exhaustibility.

Resources on the basis of origin:

• Biotic: Those resources which are available in the biosphere and have life.
  Example: Human beings, flora and fauna etc.

• Abiotic: All those things which are non-living are called abiotic resources.
  Example: Rocks, soils, and minerals.

Resources on the Basis of Exhaustibility:

• Renewable resources: The resources which can be renewed are Renewable resources.
  Example: Water, forest, wind, etc

• Non-renewable resources: These resources occur over a very long time and get exhausted. 

• Example: Minerals and fossil fuels.

 

Q 7. What is soil erosion? Write two human activities that lead to soil erosion.

The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.

Two human factors leading to soil erosion are:

• Deforestation: Due to heavy deforestation, soil erosion is increasing.

• Overgrazing: In many regions, people still practice grazing cattle, goats, and sheep. Gradually this leads to soil erosion.

 

Q 8. Explain any three steps that can be taken to solve the problem of land degradation?

(a) Contour Plowing: Plowing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. 

Contour Plowing

(b) Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut out on the slopes, making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.

(c) Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind reducing its effect.

 

Q 9. Explain the role of humans in resource development.

• Humans are at the center of resource development. Actually, all resources become resources only when they are put to use by humans. 

• It is humans who make natural things usable with the help of technology. Had no technology been there, the development would not have been possible. 

• There are regions where natural resources are in abundance but the regions are not developed, for example, Africa. 

• When humans interact with Nature through technology and create institutions, they accelerate the economic development of the region, for example, Japan.

 

Q 10. Explain the importance of the conservation of resources.

Conservation of resources is necessary because of the following reasons:

(a) Resources are vital for any developmental activity but irrational consumption and overutilization of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important.

(b) If resources are not conserved at this point in time, then our future generations will be left with no resources at all. So it is very important to think about the conservation of resources.

 

Q 11. Why is it important to raise the land area under forests?

It is very important to raise the area under forest because forests are essential for the maintenance of the ecological balance. The livelihood of millions of people who live on the fringes of these forests depends upon it. Forest also provides a number of goods that are required for industry and medicines etc. Forest also helps in soil conservation and rainfall.

 

Q 12. Describe any three main characteristics of the arid soil of India.

Characteristics of Arid soils in India are:

• They range from red to brown in color.

• They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.

• In some areas, the salt content is higher and common salt is obtained by evaporation of water.

• Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.

 

Q 13. Highlight any three problems associated with the indiscriminate use of resources by human beings.

Indiscriminate use of resources creates the following problems:

• Global ecological crises such as global warming.

• It has also led to the depletion of the ozone layer.

• It has also caused environmental pollution and land degradation.

The resultant threat to ecology and the environment has put the future of our planet in danger. Natural disasters have become very frequent. Many species of flora and fauna have already become extinct.

 

Q 14. “Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.” Justify the statement.

As the environment belongs to the Earth, its impact is felt by the whole planet. For example, if carbon dioxide is being released by some rich countries, global warming is affecting the lives of all the people on the planet. Air pollution moves along with air and cannot be restricted to any place or country.

Ozone layer depletion has serious consequences for people all over the world.

 

Q 15. Describe any three types of soil available in India.

Three important soils of India are:

(a) Alluvial Soils

• It is the most important and widespread soil of India. The entire northern plain is made of this soil.  

• 

• Alluvial soil

• Alluvials have been deposited by three important Himalayan rivers— Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus.

• These soils consist of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.

• These are of two types: Khadar and Bangar.

• They contain potash, phosphoric acid, and limestone.

(b) Black Soil: 

• These soils are black in color and are also known as Regur or cotton soils. 

• This type of soil is found in the Deccan plateau region and is made up of lava flows. 

• They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. 

• They are rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime.

(c) Laterite Soil: 

• Laterite soil develops in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall. This is the result of intense leaching. The Humus content of the soil is very low. 

• These are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

 

Q 16. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?

• Plowing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is contour plowing.

• Steps can be cut out on the slopes mapping terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.

• Strip cropping is a very effective method of soil conservation or controlling soil erosion. Large fields are divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.

 

Q 17. Mention any three characteristics of black soil.

• The black soils are made of clayey material and are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.

• They are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime. But black soils are poor in phosphoric content.

• Black soil develops deep cracks during summer which helps in the proper aeration of the soil. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilted just after the first shower.

 

Q 18. “India’s vast and diverse size is the most important resource.” Support the statement.

India has land under a variety of relief features such as plains, plateaus, mountains, and islands. About 43 per cent of land areas are plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry. Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country and ensure the perennial flow of some rivers, providing facilities for tourism and ecological aspects. About 27 per cent of the area is the plateau region. It possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels, and forests.

 

Q 19. Suggest any three measures of soil conservation.

The three measures of soil conservation are:

(a) Contour plowing: plowing along the contour lines can lead to soil conservation.

(b) Terrace cultivation: steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation leads to soil conservation.

(c) Creating shelterbelts: planting of trees to create shelter. Rows of such trees are called shelterbelts.

 What is the importance of natural resources ? Why is it necessary to conserve them ? [CBSE 2013]

Ans. Resources are important for the development of any country. For example, fossil fuels are essential to generate energy, mineral resources are important for industrial development, etc.

Necessary to conserve resources because:

(i) Their irrational consumption and over utilization have led to socio-economic and environmental problems.

(ii) It takes millions of years for the formation of natural resources.

(iii) Natural resources are available in fixed quantities and they are non – renewable.

 What is the role of humans in resource development ? [CBSE 2014]

Or

Explain the role of humans in resource development. [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011],

Ans. (i) Resources are a function of human activities.

(ii) Human beings interact with-nature through technology, and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.

(iii) Human beings transfer materials available in our environment into resources, and use them.

(iv) For example, a river is a natural endowment and it becomes a resource when its water is used for irrigation or power production.

‘India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.’ Explain.

Or

“India is rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources.” Support your answer with examples. [CBSE Sept. 2012, 2014] 

Ans. (i) The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in mineral resources but lack industrialisation.

(ii) Arunachal Pradesh has an abundance of water resources, but lacks infrastructural development. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. The cold desert area of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country due to lack of means of transportation and communication.

(iii) Most of North-Eastern states are rich in natural vegetation but lack fertile soil.

 HOW over-irrigation and mining lead to land degradation ?

Or

How is over-irrigation responsible for land degradation ? Which states of India face this problem? [CBSE 2013]

Ans. Over-irrigation and mining lead to land degradation as :

(i) Over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to waterlogging which leads to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. Water logging is a major issue in Punjab, Haryana, UR

(ii) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantities of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.

. Explain the major factors which are responsible for the formation of soil. [CBSE 2009 (O), Sept. 2011]

Or

Explain any three factors responsible for the formation of soil. [CBSE 2013]

Ans. (i) Relief, parent rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.

(ii) Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers, etc. contribute to the formation of soil.

(iii) Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally important.

(iv) Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.

 Mention the factors on which the land- use pattern of India depends upon. [CBSE Sept. 2012]

Ans. The use of land is determined by physical as

well as human factors.

(i) Physical factors: Topography, climate and soil types.

(ii) Human factors: Population density, technological capability, culture and traditions.

“India has land under a variety of relief features.” Justify. [CBSE 2014]

Or

What are the main advantages of India’s land under a variety of relief features ? [CBSE 2010, 2011]

Ans. India has land under a variety of relief features, namely: mountains, plateaus, plains and islands.

(i) About 43 per cent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry.

(ii) Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area. They ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.

(iii) About 27 per cent of the land area is plateau. It possesses reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

 What is the importance of natural resources ? [CBSE 2014]

Ans. (i) Resources are used to satisfy human wants.

(ii) Resources are base for economic development for example water, fossil fuel, solar energy is required for power production.

(iii) Resources are vital for human survival as well as maintaining the quality of life.

(iv) Land which is a natural resource supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life and all economic activities.

(v) Water which is another natural resource is essential for human, plant and wildlife.

Do you think that resources are free gifts of nature as is assumed by many ? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments. ICBSE 2012]

Ans. They are not free gifts of nature as :

(i) Resources are a function of human activities,

(ii) Human beings themselves are essential components of resources.

(iii) They transform material available in our environment into resources and use them.

For example, a river is a natural resource but a river becomes a resource when its water is used for irrigation or power production.

Resource and Development class 10 geography  long question:

What does the term ‘land degradation’ mean? Which human activities have contributed significantly to land degradation? Suggest measures to solve the problems of land degradation.

OR

What are the reasons for land degradation? Describe any four measures to conserve land.

Continuous use of land over a prolonged period of time, without taking necessary steps to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation, i.e., qualitative degradation of land. The quality of the land becomes poorer due to gradual loss of fertility due to unplanned use. Unplanned use and over-exploitation by humans have led to the degradation of land and have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to the land.

Land Degradation

• Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying have contributed significantly to land degradation.

• Faulty methods of cultivation and over-irrigation have also caused land degradation in some areas. 

• Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry, industrial effluents, and wastes cause pollution and lead to land degradation.

The problem of land degradation may be tackled by adopting certain measures to conserve land:

(a) Afforestation or large-scale plantation of trees and proper management of grazing.

(b) Planting of shelterbelts of plants and stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes in windy, arid areas like a desert of Rajasthan.

(c) Proper management of wasteland and control of mining activities.

(d) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and waste after treatment in industrial and suburban areas.

 

Q 2. What is resource planning? Why is resource planning essential? Explain three reasons.

Resource planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.

It is a complex process that involves:

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country through surveying, mapping, and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill, and institutional set-up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Resource Planning is essential mainly because of the following reasons:

• Resources are not equally distributed throughout the world. Within a country also some regions may be rich in resources and self-sufficient in terms of availability of resources while some other regions may have an acute shortage of some vital resources. There are regions that are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.

• Some regions in the country that are rich in natural resources may be included among the economically backward regions. On the contrary, there are some regions that have a poor resource base but are economically developed. 

• Technology, quality of human resources, and the historical experiences of the people influence resource development. In a country like India which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources, resource planning is indispensable.

 

Q 3. Explain any four human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in India.

Continuous use of land over a prolonged period of time without taking necessary steps to conserve and manage it has resulted in land degradation.

Four human activities responsible for land degradation in India are as follows:

• In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation. Mining sites are dug, drilled or quarried, and abandoned after excavation work is over, leaving the land overburdened and in a highly degraded state.

• Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generates the huge quality of mineral dust in the atmosphere which ultimately settles down on the land. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil, thus, degrading the land. Discharge of industrial effluents and wastes cause pollution and land degradation in industrial regions.

• In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.

• In Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation. It leads to waterlogging which in turn increases salinity and alkalinity in the soil and reduces its fertility.

 

Q 4. Give the importance of soil. Explain any three factors responsible for soil formation.

Soil is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms, including animals and human beings, by providing them with food for their survival. Human existence and settlement are determined by soil fertility as it determines the agricultural productivity of an area. Soil determines the natural vegetation and type of crop production of an area. It also influences the land use of an area. Areas of fertile soil are agriculturally productive and densely populated. It is one of the most important renewable natural resources. Relief, nature of parent rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation, and other forms of life (especially decomposers), and time are important factors in the formation of soil.

The three most important factors of soil formation are:

• Nature of parent rock. It influences the color and texture of the soil. The mineral content of the soil also depends on the parent rock from which it is formed.

• Climate influences the rate and types of weathering and erosion of the rocks. Weathering of the parent rocks due to climatic factors and natural forces leads to the disintegration of rocks which leads to the formation of soil.

• Time determines the maturity of the soil. The soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few centimeters in depth.

 

Q 5. Classify resources on the basis of ownership into four categories. Mention the main features of each.

On the basis of ownership, resources can be classified into the following categories:

(a) Individual resources are owned privately by individuals or groups of individuals. Plots of lands owned by farmers, pasture lands, ponds, orchards, water in wells, are examples of resources owned by individuals in the villages. Plots of land, houses, cars and other property are some examples of individual resources in urban areas. Plantations are also individual resources. Its plot of land, management, revenue, products, and profits are under individual ownership.

(b) Community-owned resources are accessible to all members of the community. These resources can be used by all people living in the area. Picnic spots, maidans, village ponds, grazing grounds, burial grounds, etc., in villages; playgrounds, public parks, markets, etc in urban areas are examples of community-owned resources.

(c) National Resources mean all resources owned by a nation. All the forests, wildlife, minerals, water resources, land within the political boundaries of a nation, and oceanic area up 12 nautical miles, i.e., 19.2 km, from the coast termed as territorial water, and resources therein belong to the nation and are termed as national resources.

(d) International Resources are under the jurisdiction and regulation of international organizations. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open oceans and no individual country can utilize these without the concurrence of international institutions, e.g. manganese nodules in the bed of the Indian Ocean.

 What is resource planning ? Mention the steps which are involved in resource planning. [CBSE 2009 (F); Sept. 2010, 14]

Or

Explain the three steps involved in resource planning in India. [CBSE Sept. 20W]

Or

What are the three stages of resource planning in India?

Ans. “Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper or judicious use of resources. ”

Resource planning is a complex process which involves :

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Explain the classification of resources on the basis of exhaustibility. [CBSE 2009 (D), Sept. 2010, 2011]

Ans. (i) Renewable resources: “Renewable resources are the natural resources which can be used again and again or can be reproduced by physical, mechanical and chemical processes.” Solar energy, air, water and soil are some of the renewable resources of energy.

(ii) Non-renewable resources: “Non renewable resources are the natural resources that cannot be replaced at all or within a reasonable time.” Fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal are examples of non renewable resources. These resources are accumulated over millions of years. They are considered to be non-renewable resources because once they are used up, they are gone forever.

Explain the classification of resources on the basis of origin.

Or

Give two examples of abiotic resources. [CBSE 2010(F)]

Or

What are biotic and abiotic resources ? Give two examples for each. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Q- 4. Explain the classification of resources on the basis of ownership. [CBSE 2009 (O), 2014]

Or

Explain what is meant by national resources and individual resources. [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2014]

Ans. (a) Individual Resources: Resources which are owned by private individuals are known as individual resources. Plots, fields, houses, cars, books, etc., are some examples of individual resources.

(b)Community Owned Resources : The resources which are accessible to all the members of the community are known as community resources. Village ponds, public parks, playgrounds, etc., are some examples of community resources.

(c)National Resources: All the resources which are under the control of the state or union government are known as national resources. All the resources within political boundaries are national resources because the government has the power to acquire even the private properties

(d)International Resources: These resources are owned and regulated by international institutions. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to the open ocean, and no individual country can utilize these without the concurrence of international institutions. India has got the right to mine manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian Ocean from that area which lies beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone.

.Explain the classification of resources on the basis of the state of development. [CBSE 2008]

Or

Distinguish between stock resources and reserve resources. [CBSE Sept. 2010,12]

Ans.(i) Potential Resources : Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized due to lack of capital or other reasons. For example: the western parts of India, particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far, these have not been developed properly.

(ii) Developed Resources : These are resources which have been surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization. The development of resources depends on technology and the level of their feasibility. For example, India has a cumulative total of about 2,47,847 million tons of coal resources.

(iii) Stock : These are the materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy the human needs but cannot be used as the human beings do not have the appropriate technology to convert them into usable form. For example, water (H20) is a compound of two inflammable gasses, i.e., hydrogen and oxygen, but human beings do not have the required technology to use them as a source of energy.

(iv) Reserves : These are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the existing technology, but their uses have been postponed keeping in mind the needs of the future generations. For example, India has sufficient forests to fulfill the needs of the present generation, but they are being protected for the future generations.

Distinguish between Renewable and Non renewable resources. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Q.7. HOW is land a natural resource of utmost importance ? Explain with four facts. [CBSE 2008 (O), 2012, 2013]

Or

“Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.” Elaborate the statement with the help of suitable examples highlighting the value of land resources. [CBSE 2013]

Ans. Land is an important natural resource, because :

(i)All economic activities are performed on land.

(ii)It supports natural vegetation and wildlife.

(iii)Most of the minerals are formed in land.

(iv)It is used for transport and communication systems.

Which is the most widely spread and important soil of India ? State any six characteristics of this type of soil. [CBSE 2008 (F), Sept. 2010]

Or

Mention any four characteristics of alluvial soils.

Or

How are alluvial soils formed ? How is Bangar different from Khadar ? [CBSE 2012]

Ans. Alluvial soil

Characteristics of the Alluvial soil :

(i) Alluvial soils are transported soils. Most of the soils are derived from the sediments deposited by rivers as in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Thus, the parent material of these soils is of transported origin.

(ii) These soils consist of varying proportions of sand, silt and clay. In the upper course of the river, the soil is coarse. In the middle course, it is medium, and fine grained in the lower course.

(iii) Apart from the size of their grains or particles, soils are described according to their age as well. They are old alluvium and new alluvium. Locally, the old alluvium is called ‘Bhangar’ and the new alluvium is called ‘Khadar’.

(iv) The old alluvium often contains ‘kankar ', nodules, with calcium carbonates in the sub-soil. The new alluvium is more fertile than the old alluvium.

. Which soil is called ‘regur soil’ ? Mention

any four characteristics of this type of soil. [CBSE 2009 (F), Sept. 2010, 2012, 2013] 

Ans. Black soil

(i) These have been formed due to withering of lava.

(if) The black soils are made of extremely fine materials, i.e., clayey materials.

(iii)These soils are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potash and lime.

(iv)These soils are generally poor in phosphoric content.

(v)The soil is well known for its capacity to hold moisture.

How is red soil formed ? Mention its three characteristics. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Or

How does red soil develop ? What makes it look red and yellow ? [CBSE 2014] 

Ans. Formation : Most of the red soils have come into existence due to weathering of ancient crystalline igneous rocks. Characteristics/Features :

(i) Soils are loamy in deep depressions and in uplands. They consist of loose gravels and highly coarse materials.

(ii)The color of these soils is generally red, often grading into brown, chocolate or yellow. The red color is due to wide diffusion rather than a high percentage of iron content. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.

(iii)Soils are deficient in phosphoric acid, organic matter and nitrogenous materials but are fairly rich in potash. But crops are cultivated with the use of fertilizers.

 Which geographical factors are responsible for the evolution of black soil ? Why is it considered the most suitable for growing cotton ? [CBSE 2012, 2013] 

Ans. (1) Climatic conditions like temperature, rainfall etc. along with present rock material are important factors for making of black soil. The parent rock is volcanic rock.

(2) It is ideal for growing cotton because:

(i)It has the capacity to hold moisture.

(ii)They are rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.

(iii)This soil is also known as black cotton soil,

(iv) They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which help in the proper

aeration of the soil

Explain the formation and important features of the laterite soil. [CBSE 2013, 14]

Ans. Formation : It develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. The laterite soil is a result of intense leaching owing to heavy tropical rains.

Features :

(i) The soils are acidic in nature, coarser and crumbly in texture.

(ii) Due to lack of nitrogen, potassium and organic elements, the laterite soils lack fertility, and are not suitable for cultivation. But when the soils are manured and irrigated, some crops can be cultivated.

(iii) As the soils are indefinitely durable, they provide valuable building materials.

 What is soil erosion ? Explain the major types of soil erosion prevailing in India. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Ans. “Soil erosion is the removal of soil by the forces of nature like wind and water, more rapidly than the various soil forming processes can replace it.” Generally, there is a balance between the soil forming process and the erosional process. The balance can be disturbed by natural or human factors.

Types of Soil Erosion :

(a) Water Erosion : Water is a powerful agent of soil erosion. Following are the major types of erosion caused by water.

(i) Sheet Erosion : When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by the running water, it is called sheet erosion.

(ii) Rill Erosion : This is the second stage of sheet erosion. If erosion continues unchecked for a sufficient time, (rills) or small finger-shaped grooves which are a few centimeters in depth, may develop on the landscape. Over a period of time, the fine rills increase in number and also become deeper and wider, and resemble the twigs, branches and trunk of a tree. This is called rill erosion.

(iii) Gully Erosion : This is the third stage of sheet erosion. With further erosion of the soil, the rills may deepen and become enlarged, and are ultimately turned into gullies. The main cause of gully erosion is the removal of vegetation, particularly of trees with their widespread binding roots. Gullies cut up agricultural land and the entire area may be turned into a bad land

topography. Gully erosion is also responsible for the formation of ravines.

(b) Wind erosion : Wind is a powerful agent of erosion in arid and semi-arid lands with little rainfall. Wind can lift the valuable topsoil from one area and deposit in another area. Wind erosion is a very dangerous type of erosion because due to wind most of the deserts of the world are expanding.

 With reference to the types of soil, answer the following questions :

(i) Name any four regions or states where alluvial soil is formed. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

(ii) Name any four regions or states where red and yellow soils are formed.

(iii) Name any four regions or states where laterite soil is formed.

Ans. (i) Rajasthan, Gujarat, deltas of Mahanadi and Godavari, and deltas of Krishna and Kaveri rivers.

(ii) Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and the Western Ghats.

(iii) Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh

Explain any four proper fanning techniques which can be used for soil conservation.

Or

Suggest any three measures of soil conservation. [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011]

Or

What is soil conservation ? Explain any three methods of soil conservation suitable to Indian conditions. [CBSE 2013, 14]

Ans. Soil conservation includes all those measures which help in protecting the soil from erosion or degradation.

(i) Crop rotation : If the same crop is sown in the same field, year after year, this consumes certain nutrients from the soil making it infertile. Crop rotation can check this type of erosion.

(ii) Settled agriculture : Checking and reducing shifting agriculture by persuading the tribal people to switch over to settled agriculture.

(iii) Terracing and contour bunding :

Terracing and contour bunding across the hill slopes is very effective, and one of the oldest methods of soil conservation. Hill slope is cut into a number of terraces having horizontal top and steep slopes on the back and front. Contour building involves the construction of a bank along the contour.

(iv) Strip cropping : Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

(v) Shelter Belt : Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilization of sand dunes and in establishing the desert in western India.