Displacing Indigenous Peoples class 11 HISTORY MCQ & SAQ

Displacing Indigenous Peoples class 11 HISTORY NCERT SOLUTION:

1. Comment on any points of difference between the native peoples of South and North

Answer:

The natives of South America: They practiced extensive agriculture; the surplus yield enabled them to establish kingdoms and empires.

The natives of North America: They lived in bands, in villages along river valleys. They ate fish and meat, and cultivated vegetables and maize. They did not hunt animals more than their requirement for food. They practiced a unique culture of making formal alliances and friendships, and exchanging gifts.

 

Other than the use of English,what other features of English economic and social life do you notice in the nineteenth-century USA?

Answer:

1. With the arrival of European settlers, the landscapes of America changed drastically in the nineteenth century.

2. The Europeans treated the land of the natives as their private properties.

3. Immigrants from Germany, Sweden and Italy cleared land and cultivated rice and cotton; they sold the yield in European markets for profit.

4. They killed many wild animals to protect their huge farms; they were hunted to extinction. The colonizers also invented the barbed wire in 1873.

 

What did the 'frontier' mean to the Americans?

Answer:

1. Countries such as Canada and the United States of America emerged out of a fraction of the land colonized by Europeans at the end of the eighteenth century. However, gradually, they expanded their territories through purchase and settlements.

2. For example, the USA purchased land in the south from France (the 'Louisiana Purchase'), from Russia (Alaska), and occupied much of southern America from Mexico.

3. This territorial domination was done by cheating and killing the natives living in these areas.

4. This situation had created the western 'frontier' of the USA beyond which the natives were forced to move from their traditional territories.

 

Why was the history of the Australian native peoples left out of history books?

Answer:

1. The history of the Australian native peoples was left out of history books because it was written by European settlers.

2. Till the middle of the twentieth century, Australian history textbooks hardly mentioned the native peoples except to suggest that the latter were hostile to Europeans.

 

Answer in a short essay

How satisfactory is a museum gallery display in explaining the culture of a people? Give examples from your own experience of a museum.

Answer:

1. A museum gallery display is one of the best ways to explain the culture of a people, because it effectively spreads the features of the cultural pasts of a community.

2. Cultural museum also categorizes artifacts chronologically and preserves other historical and artistic objects.

3. General public, students and researchers can easily access cultural artifacts and study them thoroughly. It transfers cultural knowledge to the future generation.

4. Museum gallery displays can enable us to understand the culture of a community which is facing cultural destruction, or has vanished already in history.

Displacing Indigenous Peoples class 11 HISTORY MCQ :

Question : The natives of North America accepted citizenship of the USA by the _______ in 1954 CE

(a) Declaration of Indian Rights

(b) Declaration of British Rights

(c) Declaration of United States Rights

(d) Declaration of America Rights

Answer : A

Question : The subject of Anthropology was introduced in North America from the __

(a) 1820s

(b) 1830s

(c) 1840s

(d) 1850s

Answer : C

Question : Karl Marx described the American frontier as ‘the last positive capitalist utopia” in his book

(a) Grundrisse

(b) Das Kapital

(c) The Communist Manifesto

(d) The German Ideology

Answer : A

Question : The Native American tribe, which was forcibly evicted by US President Andrew Jackson, was __.

(a) Hopis

(b) Cherokees

(c) Metis

(d) Ottawas

Answer : B

Question : The natives of North America accepted citizenship of the USA by the _______ in 1954 CE

(a) Declaration of Indian Rights

(b) Declaration of British Rights

(c) Declaration of United States Rights

(d) Declaration of America Rights

Answer : A

Question :  The _______ began to arrive on the continent of Australia over forty thousand years ago.

(a) Aztecs

(b) Cherokees

(c) Aborigines

(d) Ottawas

Answer : C

Question :  The French Canadian rebellion occurred in the year:

(a) 1837

(b) 1838

(c) 1839

(d) 1840

Answer : A

Question :  Europeans wanted to cut down native forests and replace them with

(a) Sugarcane fields

(b) Rice fields

(c) Cornfields

(d) Cotton fields

Answer : C

Question :  Population of native people in America met to sharp decrease because

(a) They were deported to reservations

(b) They were not given rights of citizen

(c) They were made slaves

(d) They had to suffer inclement weather in so-called reservations and the atrocities exercised upon them by Europeans.

Answer : D

Question : The term Terra Nullius means:

(a) Land belonging to nobody

(b) Land belonging to natives

(c) Land belonging to the state

(d) Land of immigrants

Answer : A

Question : The _______ began to arrive on the continent of Australia over forty thousand years ago.

(a) Aztecs

(b) Cherokees

(c) Aborigines

(d) Ottawas

Answer : C

Question :  Britain recognized the USA as an independent country in

(a) 1781

(b) 1782

(c) 1783

(d) 1784

Answer : A

Question :  Europeans wanted to cut down native forests and replace them with

(a) Sugarcane fields

(b) Rice fields

(c) Cornfields

(d) Cottonfields

Answer : C

Question :  Natives were puzzled by the fact that the European traders sometimes gave them a lot of things in exchange for their goods, sometimes very little because

(a) They thought they are cheated

(b) They had no sense of market and fluctuation in demand and supply

(c) Europeans were clever people

(d) Prices were fluctuating every year.

Answer : B

Question :  Workers who provided cheap labor in Australia were -

(a) Chinese immigrants

(b) African slaves

(c) Australian aborigines

(d) Indian laborers

Answer : A

Question :  The Constitution Act in America, which accepted the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the natives, was passed in the year

(a) 1984

(b) 1986

(c) 1982

(d) 1988

Answer : C

Question :  In Canada, the Metis revolted against the colonization of their land between

(a) 1869 and 1885

(b) 1870 and 1885

(c) 1871 and 1885

(d) 1872 and 1885

Answer : A

Question :  A number of native people became citizen of USA but on condition that

(a) They shall be given citizenship right

(b) They shall be treated at par with Europeans

(c) Their traditions shall not be interfered with and reservation shall be sustained

(d) They shall be provided with administrative jobs.

Answer : C

Question : Britain recognised the USA as an independent country inA.178

(a) 1781

(b) 1782

(c) 1783

(d) 1784

Answer : A

 

1. Karl Marx described the American frontier as ‘the last positive capitalist utopia” in his book

(a) Grundrisse

(b) Das Kapital

(c) The Communist Manifesto

(d) The German Ideology

► (a) Grundrisse

2. The French Canadian rebellion occurred in the year:

(a) 1837

(b) 1838

(c) 1839

(d) 1840

► (a) 1837

3. The term Terra Nullius means:

(a) Land belonging to nobody

(b) Land belonging to natives

(c) Land belonging to the state

(d) Land of immigrants

► (a) Land belonging to nobody

4. The Native American tribe, which was forcibly evicted by US President Andrew Jackson, was ____________.

(a) Hopis

(b) Cherokees

(c) Metis

(d) Ottawas

► (b) Cherokees

5. Europeans wanted to cut down native forests and replace them with

(a) Sugarcane fields

(b) Rice fields

(c) Cornfields

(d) Cotton fields

► (c) Cornfields

6. The year in which Amerigo de Vespucci’s Travels was published was

(a) 1508

(b) 1507

(c) 1509

(d) 1510

► (b) 1507

7. Britain recognised the USA as an independent country inA.178

(a) 1781

(b) 1782

(c) 1783

(d) 1784

► (a) 1781

8. In Canada, the Metis revolted against the colonization of their land between

(a) 1869 and 1885

(b) 1870 and 1885

(c) 1871 and 1885

(d) 1872 and 1885

► (a) 1869 and 1885

9. The Constitution Act in America, which accepted the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the natives, was passed in the year

(a) 1984

(b) 1986

(c) 1982

(d) 1988

► (c) 1982

10. Workers who provided cheap labor in Australia were -

(a) Chinese immigrants

(b) African slaves

(c) Australian aborigines

(d) Indian laborers

► (a) Chinese immigrants

11. The ______ were the original inhabitants of one of the American states i.e., Georgia.

(a) Cherokees

(b) Georgians

(c) Maya

(d) Aztecs

► (a) Cherokees

12. The subject of Anthropology was introduced in North America from the ______

(a) 1820s

(b) 1830s

(c) 1840s

(d) 1850s

► (c) 1840s

13. Which law gave natives in reservations the right to buy land and take loans?

(a) Indian Reorganization Act of 1932 CE.

(b) Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 CE.

(c) Indian Reorganization Act of 1936 CE.

(d) Indian Reorganization Act of 1938 CE.

► (b) Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 CE.

14. The natives of North America accepted citizenship of the USA by the _______ in 1954 CE

(a) Declaration of Indian Rights

(b) Declaration of British Rights

(c) Declaration of United States Rights

(d) Declaration of America Rights

► (a) Declaration of Indian Rights

15. The _______ began to arrive on the continent of Australia over forty thousand years ago.

(a) Aztecs

(b) Cherokees

(c) Aborigines

(d) Ottawas

► (c) Aborigines

Displacing Indigenous Peoples class 11 HISTORY SAQ:

Q. 1. Write an important feature of the tradition of the earliest inhabitants of North America.

Ans. Making formal alliances and friendship, and exchanging gifts.

Q. 2. What enabled the Europeans to dictate their terms to the earliest inhabitants of North America?

Ans. The earliest inhabitants of North America were not aware of alcohol. But the Europeans gave them alcohol and thus made them addicted to it. Alcohol became their weakness. This very weakness of theirs enabled the Europeans to dictate their terms to them.

Q. 3. Why did the earliest inhabitants of America appear uncivilized to western Europeans?

Ans. In the eighteenth century, western Europeans defined ‘civilized’ people in terms of literacy, an organized religion and urbanism. On the basis of this very definition, the earliest inhabitants of America appeared uncivilized to them.

Q. 4. What was the difference in view-points of the natives of North America and the Europeans regarding exchange of gifts?

Ans. The natives of North America regarded the goods they exchanged with the Europeans as gifts, given in friendship. On the other hand, the Europeans regarded the goods they exchanged with the natives of North America as commodities, which would sell for a profit in Europe.

Q. 5. Why did the European plantation owners employ slaves in their plantations in America?

Ans. The climate of the southern region of America was too hot for Europeans to work outdoors.

Therefore, the European plantation owners employed slaves in their plantations in America.

Q. 6. Why did the Europeans buy slaves in Africa ? Did these slaves get freedom?

Ans. The Europeans wanted slaves so that they could work in their plantations. But those natives of South America who had been enslaved had died in large numbers. That is why the Europeans bought slaves in Africa.

No, the African slaves did not get freedom. With the passage of time, slave trade was banned. But those Africans and their children who were in the USA remained slaves.

Q. 7. How was slavery abolished in the USA?

Ans. The economy of the northern states of the USA did not depend on plantations and therefore not on slavery. So there raised a voice for ending slavery and it was condemned as an inhuman practice. In 1861–65, the American civil war started between those states who wanted to retain slavery and those who wanted to abolish it. Those who supported abolition of slavery came out victorious in this war and thus slavery was abolished.

Q. 8. Who were the Cherokees ? What injustice was being done to them?

Ans. The Cherokees were the original inhabitants of one of the American states i.e., Georgia. They were the only one among the natives who tried to learn English and who tried to understand the living style of the British. They were governed by the state laws but were deprived of their civil rights.

Q. 9. On what ground did those who took the land occupied by the natives of America justify it?

Ans. Those who took the land occupied by the natives of America, justified their decision on the basis that the native did not use the land to the maximum which is why they did not deserve to occupy the land. They condemned the natives as lazy. The natives did not use their crafts skills to produce goods for the market. They were also not interested in dressing correctly or learning English.

Q. 10. What were ‘reservations’ in c

Ans. The original inhabitants of North America were locked off in small areas. These areas often consisted of land with which they hardly had any earlier connection. These areas were called reservations.

Q. 11. Why was the subject of Anthropology introduced in North America from the 1840s?

Ans. The subject of Anthropology was introduced in North America from the 1840s so that the differences between native primitive communities and the civilized communities of Europe could be studied.

Some Anthropologists are of the view that just as there were no primitive people to be found in Europe, the American natives too would not be found.

Q. 12. How did the ‘Gold Rush’ prove a blessing for the continent of North America?

Ans. 

Q. 13. What were two main objectives of the development of industries in North America?

Ans. 1. To manufacture railway equipment so that rapid transport could link distant places.

2. To produce machinery which would make large scale farming easier.

Q. 14. In 1934 CE, a landmark law was passed in the USA. What was it?

Ans. It was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 CE. This law gave natives in reservations the right to buy land and take loans.

Q. 15. By which document and on what condition did the natives of North America accept citizenship of the USA?

Ans. The natives of North America accepted citizenship of the USA by the ‘Declaration of Indian Rights’ in 1954 CE on condition that the reservations would not be taken away from them and their traditions would not be interfered by any one.

Q. 16. When did the ‘aborigines’ begin to arrive on the continent of Australia? What did the natives say about this?

Ans. The ‘aborigines’ began to arrive on the continent of Australia over forty thousand years ago.

But the natives opposed this view. In their traditions, they did not come to Australia from outside, but had always been there.

Q. 17. Briefly discuss the Torres Strait Islanders of Australia. Why is the term ‘Aborigine’ not used for them?

Ans. The Torres Strait Islanders are a large group of indigenous people who live in North Australia.

They made up 2.4 per cent of Australia’s population in 2005 CE. The term ‘Aborigine’ is not used for them as they are believed to have migrated from elsewhere and belong to a different race.

Q.17. Where does most of the population of Australia reside and why?

Ans. Most of the population of Australia resides along the sea-coast. This is because the central region of the continent is arid desert.

Q. 17. Who were most of the early settlers of Australia? On what condition were they allowed to live as free people in Australia?

Ans. A number of convicts were deported from England to Australia. These convicts were the early settlers of Australia. They were allowed to live as free people in Australia when their prison term ended but on a condition that they would not return to Britain. So they displaced the natives from their lands and began cultivating that land.

Q. 20. Who discovered Australia? Why were relations strained between Europeans and native Australians?

Ans. Australia was discovered by a British Sailor Captain Cook in 1770 CE. Initially, Captain Cook and his crew were welcomed by native Australians.

But later on, Cook was killed by a native which is why the British point of view was changed towards them. Now they tried to prove that natives of Australia were violent in behavior.

Q. 1. What do you mean by Imperialism ?

Name those European countries which encouraged Imperialism.

Ans. Imperialism is a process in which a country establishes economic and political control over any other country. The main feature of imperialism is colonial exploitation. One of its other features is to establish strict control over the colony by the imperial country.

Conducive Circumstances for the emergence of Imperialism. The Industrial Revolution gave a great contribution in the emergence of imperialism.

Industrial nations of the west adopted the policy of imperialism to obtain raw material and for the consumption of the final product. Development of means of transport and communication, nationalism, and the civilized mission of European races also encouraged the sense of imperialism.

Countries which encouraged Imperialism.

Imperialism was mainly encouraged by European countries and these countries were:

(i) Britain

(ii) France

(iii) Holland

(iv) Portugal and

(v) Spain

Q. 2. What was the major motivating factor for colonialism ? Give examples of variations found in the nature of colonialism.

Ans. The prospect of profit was the major motivating factor for colonialism. But there were significant variations in the nature of colonialism, which were as follows:

(1) In South Asia, trading companies established their political powers. They defeated local rulers and annexed their territories. They retained the older well-developed administrative system in place of a new one and collected taxes from landowners. Later, they constructed railways to make trade easier, excavated mines and established big plantations.

(2) Except in South Africa, Europeans traded on the sea-coasts of the whole of Africa for a long time. It was only in the late nineteenth century that they went into the interior. After this, some of the European countries agreed to divide up Africa as colonies for themselves.

Q. 3. When and where did the European traders reach North America first of all? Briefly discuss their behavior and attitude towards local people of the continent.

Ans. The European traders reached the north coast of North America first of all in the seventeenth century. They came there to trade in fish and furs.

Expert local people helped them in this work. They were quite happy to see that the local people were quite friendly and welcoming. Europeans gave blankets, iron vessels, guns and alcohol to natives in exchange for local products. The natives had not known alcohol earlier. Very soon they became addicted to it. This addiction proved very helpful for Europeans. It enabled the Europeans to dictate terms of trade. The Europeans also acquired an addiction of tobacco from the natives.

Western Europeans defined civilized people in terms of literacy, an organized religion and urbanism. According to them, natives of America were uncivilized.

Q. 4. Why did the Europeans come to settle in America after the European traders? What policy did they follow towards forests of the continent?

Ans. The Europeans came to settle in America after the European traders to escape persecution in their countries. These people were being persecuted because they belonged to different sects of Christianity. They included Catholics in those countries where Protestantism was the official religion or the Protestants living in predominantly Catholic countries. A number of such people left Europe and went over to America so that they could begin a new life.

There was hardly any problem as long as there was vacant land in America. But Europeans started to move towards the interior i.e., near native villages. They cut down forests with their iron tools to lay out farms. The forests provided the natives such tracks as were out of reach of the Europeans.

On the other hand, Europeans saw these forests as their farms. That is why they cut down the forests and replaced them with corn fields. The third President of the USA, Jefferson dreamt of a country which is populated by Europeans having small farms. The natives were not in a position to understand this view of Jefferson.

Q. 5. How did the USA reach their present size?

Ans. The USA came into existence at the end of the eighteenth century. At that time, it occupied only a small portion of land which it now covers. To reach its present size, it extended its control over more territory over the next hundred years. It acquired large areas by purchase. It bought Alaska from Russia and land in the South from France (the Louisiana Purchase). The USA won much of its southern part from Mexico by war. No one had hardly cared to take the consent of natives living in these areas. The western frontier of the USA always went on shifting.

The natives were forced to move back as frontiers moved.

Q. 6. Why did there come changes in the landscapes of America in the nineteenth century? What were these changes?

Ans. There came drastic changes in the landscapes of America in the nineteenth century. These changes occurred because of the following reasons:

(1) Some of the migrants from Britain and France wanted to own land in America. They were younger sons and were therefore not able to inherit their father’s property.

(2) Several immigrants from Germany, Sweden, Italy, etc., had lost their lands to big farmers. They wanted farms that they could own.

(3) People from Poland wanted to work in the prairie grasslands, which reminded them of the steppes of their homes. They were excited at being able to buy huge properties at very low prices in America.

Changes. (1) The Europeans cleared land and developed agriculture. They introduced crops like rice and cotton. These crops did not grow in Europe and therefore could be sold in Europe for profit.

(2) To protect their huge farms from wild animals such as wolves and mountain lions, they hunted them to extinction.

(3) They surrounded their farms with barbed wire.

Q. 7. Write a note on the prevalence and abolition of slavery in the USA.

Ans. The climate of the southern region of the USA was very hot. So it was very difficult for the Europeans to work outdoors. Therefore, they wanted to employ slaves as workers. But the natives of South America who had been made slaves, died in great number. As a result, slaves were bought from South Africa by plantation owners. Gradually, protests started against slavery by anti-slavery groups. It led to a ban on slave trade but the Africans and their children remained slaved who were in the USA.

Abolition of Slavery. The economy of the northern states of the USA was not dependent on plantations and therefore they did not depend on slavery. Hence, there a voice in favour of ending slavery was raised. The northern states condemned slavery as an inhuman practice. In 1861–65, a civil war started between the states who wanted to retain slavery and who wanted to abolish it. The states that opposed slavery won this war and so slavery was abolished.

Q. 8. What was the reaction of the natives of Australia against the advent of the Europeans in Australia?

Ans. Australia was discovered in 1770 by the British navigator Captain Cook. Captain Cook and his crew were welcomed by the natives of Australia.

Therefore the early reports sent by Captain Cook and his crew about their interaction with natives were quite enthusiastic. But later on, Captain Cook was killed by a native in Hawaii. This led to a complete change of the British feeling towards them. Now they tried to prove that the natives of Australia were violent in their behavior.

All the natives of Australia did not consider the advent of the Europeans as a danger because they lacked foresightedness. They were unable to see that in the 19th and 20th centuries, most of them would die due to exposure to germs, battles against the settlers and the loss of their lands.

Q. 9. By making a mention of the history of human habitation in Australia, discuss the communities of natives of Australia.

Ans. The history of human habitation in Australia is very long. Early humans were known as aborigines.

They started to arrive in Australia around 40,000 years ago. They came to Australia from New Guinea which was connected by a land bridge with Australia. But on the contrary, native traditions say that they had always been there as they did not come to Australia.

Communities of Natives. Around 350–750 native communities were there in Australia in the late 18th century. Each of these communities had its own language. Another large group of indigenous people (the Torres Strait islanders) lived in the north.

They formed 2.4 per cent of Australia’s population in 2005 CE. The term aborigine is not used for these people because they belong to different races and are believed to have migrated from elsewhere.

Q. 10. How have Human Rights paved a path for providing justice to the natives of Australia?

Ans. From the 1970s, a stress on human rights began to be laid in the meetings of the United Nations and other international agencies. Austrians were realized by this that in contrast to the USA, Canada and New Zealand, the Europeans had not entered into any treaties with the natives formalizing the take over of land in Australia. The Europeans had always called the Australian land as ‘terra nullius’ which means belonging to nobody. Moreover, there was an agonizing and long history of children of mixed blood, i.e., native Europeans, being captured forcibly and separated from their native relatives.

Agitations were started against these questions which led to enquiries and two important decisions:

(i) To give recognition that these natives had strong historic relations with the land which was sacred to them and this sacred land should be respected.

(ii) While past laws could not be changed, a public apology should be there for the injustice done to children so that the white and coloured people could be kept apart.

Why would the chief count the river-water as the blood of his ancestors?

Answer:

Adaptation with the environment tends to harness inner conscience, the vicissitudes of nature and man are messed up. They are merged within one, the same way as at the moment of concluded research, a scientist bursts into ecstasy. He forgets even the outer senses. Such someway happens much or less is the long cohesion with the land or a particular landscape. Ancestors are in their memory even at the home appliances, the buildings, cow-sheds, each field in which they worked, etc. As reminiscence increases heart-beats owing to much blood required for regression or reopen the store-kit; hence, the larger flow of blood immediately, locks the ten apertures of the body, eg. eye, nose, ear, etc. in order to prepare the ground for inner musings.

It exemplarily exhibits how much the people in past America had burning love and affection for the earth. The same land of North America through its inhabitants is now playing the game on its other side. Eg. Europeans looted Americans by their emotional exploitation in transactions of goods and lands and now it is America, a shrewd oppressor in the world playing with business ties including loaning strategy.

 

What are the important points you consider in the history of North America and Australia?

Answer:

These points are as under-

1. Europeans were equally dominated on both continents.

2. Europeans cheated the native people of North America and Australia and grabbed their lands and drove them to reservations.

3. Native peoples in both lands were simple, god fearing, lovers of nature, self-restrained and sociable.

 

Discuss the changes in landscapes of North America during the nineteenth century?

Answer:

The whole land of America was turned into estates and meadows. Being a variety of landforms are found people of European countries i.e. Germany, Sweden, Italy, etc., all suitable to their needs.

The people migrating to America were younger sons of the landlords there, who had no right to ancestral property, some others were those small farmers whose lands were merged with the big landlords under enclosure or consolidation of land and the citizens of Poland found grassland of Prairie similar to their characteristics of ‘ the Steppes grasslands. They cleared the forest land and started growing rice and cotton as 

What efforts did the natives of the northern states of the USA make to abolish slavery? Discuss.

Answer:

There were no plantations in the Northern States of America hence, evils of slavery were at their climax. The native people there. condemned slavery as an inhuman practice. It caused strong protest between the states favoring and condemning slavery during 1861-65. Finally, slavery was abolished but discrimination between whites and non-whites could be ended, by the extreme efforts of the African- Americans in the twentieth century.

 

What was the case of the Cherokee tribe in North America?

Answer:

This tribe was living in Georgia, a state in the USA. This tribe had made special efforts to learn English as also the American way of life but even so, the people of this tribe were not allowed the rights of citizens. In 1832, the landmark Judge US chief justice, John Marshall, sanctioned sovereignty of this tribe in its territory but US President, Andrew Jackson ordered the US Army to evict Cherokees from their land and drive them to the great American Desert. The people so driven out from their lands succumbed to several troubles.

 

What were the pleas of the European people justifying their usurp of natives’ land there?

Answer:

These usurpers raised the pleas that the tribes were lazy and did not exploit the maximum potential of the land. They argued taking over land from the people not exploited properly, is not an offense but a right step towards development. According to them, the native people had not used their craft skills to produce goods for the market, they did not take interest in learning English or dressing properly. Thus, the grassland of the Prairies was cleared for farmland and wild bison killed off. A Frenchman once visited there had truly stated-Primitive man will disappear with the primitive animal.”

 

Discuss the different images that Europeans and native Americans had of each other and the different ways in which they saw the natives.

Answer:

(A) Europeans’ perspective to native Americans

1. They took native Americans an uncivilized and barbarous as also not amenable,

2. According to them, the native people were unorganized and foolish.

3. Europeans took them lazy, anti-development, and unwilling to win the nature; hence, they took certain steps for reclamation and expansion in agriculture.

4. Europeans wanted to exterminate and displace them.

(B) Native Americans perspective to the Europeans

1. Native people surprised Europeans as they had cleared the forests, got the fields drugs and turned into large states with buildings and other structures constructed thereupon.

2. They wanted to share their land with Europeans but they were insisting on selling the same.

3. They thought that Europeans were committing wrong in dividing the land into smaller pieces under ownership.

4. They took Europeans as friends. They introduced them to invisible tracks of forests and provided them things in the gift.

Different views on nature-

1. Native people took nature as their mother, made certain rules maintaining the balance in the environment but Europeans relentlessly cut the trees, destroyed the natural beauty of the landscape, constructed a number of structures and superstructures, developed farms and plantations.

2. The natives grew crops not for sale and profit but only to survive while everything was commodity worth value hence, selling and profiteering was Europeans Exclusive aim.

3. Native people were extreme lovers of nature while Europeans took it only as an inert and lifeless resource. According to them, every resource is to be exploited for earning more and more profit from the products obtained by the application of labor and skill.

 

Comment on these two sets of population data-

	USA: 1820	Spanish America, 1800
Natives	0.6 million	7.5 million
Whites	9.0 million	3.3 million
Mixed Europeans	0.1 million	5.3 million
Blacks	1.9 million	0.8 million
Total	11.6 million	16.9 million

Answer:

The above population’s data reveal the that-Sharp decline of 6.9 million (7.5-0.6) population of natives took place in a period of two decades i.e. from 1800 to 1820. However, when we observe the data pertaining to population change in whites, there had been a whopping increase from 3.3 million to 9.0 million during the period in question. There was an increase of 5.7 million in the whites population within a Span of two decades.

Cause-

1. The natives were first cheated in transactions of fur and meat, then forced or induced to sign treaties selling their lands. They were driven to alien and virgin lands inaccessible to man. These places they called reservations.

2. They were enslaved and badly treated while working.

So far as Blacks or non-whites population trend is concerned, we see it increased from 0.8 million of 1800 to 1.9 million i.e. an increase of 1.1 million in two decades under question. The population of mixed Europeans decreased from 5.3 million in 1800 to 0.1 million in 1820.

 

Comment on the following statement by the American historian, Howard Spodek: “For the indigenous (people) the effects of the American Revolutions were exactly opposite to those of the settlers-expansion became contraction, democracy became tyranny, prosperity became poverty, and liberty became confinement.”

Answer:

1. Expansion became contraction-It denotes and points out the event of Europeans’ (Germany, Sweden, Italy, and Poland nationals) arrival in North America and the estates they developed there but the movement of natives to reservations i.e. uninhabitable and inaccessible places, virgin lands.

Thus, they could get contractions through the hands of the people not of their motherland by the reason of their extra-faith on humanism and nature in its unmanipulated colors. Initially, all of them were troubled (convicts, a merger of land under enclosure policy of Government and expelled persons) hence, so trained were their minds in wrench and twist, whim-whams, betraying, defrauding, etc. devices.

2. Democracy became tyranny-In the state of democracy, it cannot be stated that natives were enjoying all political and other fundamental rights under democracy. They suffered ab-initio the cruel order of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the USA, and likewise other inhuman treatment. Even after the state became democratic, the discrimination between native tribes and Europeans seated coiled for aggravating the situation more bitter. Teaching institutions, religious places, public meetings alike places always neglected the native people. In view of no change in the condition of natives under democracy to some extent, can be said a tyranny under the arcade of democracy.

3. Prosperity became poverty-As the essence of this theme “Displacing Indigenous people” exhibits, prior to the arrival of Europeans, there was poverty shrouded land however, not so in the perspective of natives themselves because of their self-contented nature. They were simple people with limited needs for survival. The dense forests, the rivers, and the seas were their friends-like which they could not imagine were inert and natural resources made for relentless exploitations as the Europeans did. The so-called prosperity in a material sense came as poverty because for their no-fault, they were deported to lonely and virgin inhabitation places which the Europeans named as reservations.

4. Liberty became Confinement-It was confinement like to natives because a number of announcements were made, several laws passed all for detriment to their causes. For instance, the government announcement of 1969 exhibited refusal or denial of aborigine rights. Thus, liberty also became confinement to the native people.

 

In 1911, it was announced that New Delhi and Canberra would be built as the capital cities of British India and of the Commonwealth of Australia. Compare and contrast the political situations of the native people in these countries at that time.

Answer:

Political Situations in India in the year of 1911-Morley Minto reforms or Indian Councils Act, 1861 received a protest from the moderate and radicals both in India. It was against democracy for India. Thus, the post-Morley-Minto Reform period (1909), witnessed several developments that resulted in a remarkable Hindu Muslim unity and friendship between the Moderates and the Radicals.

Muslim League had earlier appreciated these reforms but the British attitude towards Turkey in the Balkan war of 1912-1913 aroused discontentment among the Indian Muslims. Hence, Lucknow Pact, 1916 was signed between Congress and Muslim Leagues. As the Britishers had abled to create a cleft between Congress and Muslim League, they were all right in thinking that they would make Delhi the capital of British India. They had shifted their capital from Calcutta (Kolkata at present) to Delhi on 15th December 1911, with King George-V laying the foundation stone of New Delhi.

Political situations in Australia in the year 1911

1. 90 percent of the total population of native people succumbed to exposure to germs while working in the forests.

2. Daruk people of Sydney thought that cutting trees is a dangerous business hence, they ran from their lands towards the dense forest in order to save themselves from committing that sinful deed.

3. They had to fight a strong protest against Europeans.

4. When the native people left the work undone, the Britishers allowed Chinese migrants to come and provide cheap labor.

5. There were vast sheep farms and mining stations established in the year of 1911.

 

Discuss the thoughts of Judith Wright, an Australian writer on the basis of the poem given in this theme.

Answer:

Lady Judith was a champion of the rights of the Australians and aborigines. She exhibits regret on writing a history of Australia so late i.e. from the decade of 1970. Owing to this, the modern people could not know earlier the distinct cultures, unique ways of understanding nature and climate, the skills in textile, painting, and learning as also the stories and legends of the native people in Australia.

 

How did Indians suffer under British rule? Discuss.

Answer:

They texted arbitrarily in commodities including products manufactured in Indigenous factories/industries. They never treated Indians as equal to them and discriminated in schooling, traveling and denied them political, social, cultural, and religious rights.

 

What was the treatment of Europeans with natives in America and Australia?

Answer:

They cheated them in the trade of fur and meat as also cereals. They forged the documents of sale and paid the cost of land less than as negotiated. They were driven to the great American deserts and reservations. They took them as sloth and dull. These people were displaced from their own lands and enslaved.

 

What difference do you see in the Industrial Revolution of England and its impulses in America? Discuss.

Answer:

As the land and its utilization or exploitation, determine the material development i.e. prosperity and riches, the big Famers took the advantage of Enclosure or Consolidation policy made by so-called Parliaments where their own representatives were the members. They either bought land for negligible cost or practiced atrocities on small farmers so as to leave their claim on the land and flee to lands elsewhere. Thus, large estates and manorial estates were formed by the wealthy people and installed there, industries and manufacturing units.

Unlike England, the revolution entered with the USA and Canada as a result of displacement of native people to the reservation, expansion of farming land, clearance of forests, emphasis on the manufacture of railway equipment and Agriculture tools. The former for construction of railway lines covering the entire area extended by the eviction of native people and clearance of forests relentlessly and the latter for growing crops of rice and cotton to export in Europe and earn wealth.

 

Write a brief note on assimilation and percussion of two opposite natives of society/communities.

Answer:

Actually, religion in a scientific way is an instinctive and intuitive power of discretion inserted into the individual in order to prepare a blue-print of the course of life taking in bits with understanding the causes and their effects. Realization is religion. It takes birth in the womb of circumstances and always decided amid questions of existence and that of determination.

When two opposite natures are eventually assimilated under circumstances as we see in the case of immigrants in the USA and Australia they collide with each other. They were mostly people evicted, displaced, denied inheritance rights and among them were convicts deported from England so that they begin a new life in the direct shelter of nature. However, once a malaised mind, owing to pains being too physical, it was usual, if they exploited the land from natives for production of cereals and animal herding, as we see large sheep farms in Australia.

Their necessity was touched with material possession however, the native people were the true inhabitants of nature and their long-standing relationship with the chimes of native bells in the form of gargling rivers, the circulation of wind including natural resources. As hunger of existence looks never, fair or unfair, they inflicted pain on man-power and natural resources.

Conclusion-It can be started in brief that collision and encounter is the only percussion of such assimilation of two just opposite to each other communities at the same place.

Displacing Indigenous Peoples class 11 HISTORY long question:

Q. 1. Discuss the advent of humans in North America and chief characteristics of their life before colonialism.

Ans. Advent of Humans. The native people of North America came over here from Asia around 30,000 years ago. They came on a land bridge across the Bering Straits. These people moved further South 10,000 years ago. About 5,000 years ago, the climate of the continent became more stable. As a result, the population of the native Americans began to increase.

Chief Characteristics of the Life of the Natives. 

(i) The native people of North America lived in groups, in villages along river valleys.

(ii) These people used to eat fish and meat. They used to go on long journeys in search of meat. They only searched the wild buffalo (bison) which roamed in the grasslands.

(iii) They were not greedy. They only killed as many animals as they required for food.

(iv) They cultivated vegetables and maize. But they hardly tried extensive agriculture. As there was no surplus production, they did not develop empires and kingdoms as in Central and South America.

(v) They did not wish to have control of land.

They were pleased with the shelter and food which they got from the land without any feeling to own it.

(vi) They made formal alliances and friendships.

They even exchanged gifts as well. Goods were obtained as gifts not as buying them.

(vii) They spoke numerous languages but these were not written down.

(viii) They believed about the fact that time moved in cycles.

(ix) They could understand the climates and different landscapes.

(x) They had accounts about their origins and their history. These things were passed from one generation to another.

(xi) These people were skilled crafts people. They also wove beautiful textiles.

Q. 2. What is meant by the ‘Gold Rush’ ? How did the ‘Gold Rush’ contribute to the building of railway lines, the growth of industries and the expansion of agriculture ?

Or

What was the role of the ‘Gold Rush’ in the economic and political expansion of America ?

Ans. The Europeans always hoped that there was gold in North America. Traces of gold were found in the 1840s in California in the USA. Consequently, thousands of eager Europeans went over to America to make a quick fortune. This mad race for gold is called the ‘Gold Rush’.

The Gold Rush and Building of Railway Lines. The Gold Rush contributed to the building of railway lines across the continent of North America.

Thousands of Chinese workers were employed for the construction of the railways. By 1870 CE, the USA’s railway was completed. Canada’s railway was completed by 1885 CE.

The Gold Rush and Growth of Industries. The Gold Rush led to the growth of industries in North America. Here industries developed for two reasons.

Firstly, to manufacture railway equipment so that the distant places would be linked with rapid transport. Secondly, to produce machinery to make large-scale farming easier. Both in the USA and Canada, factories multiplied and industrial towns grew. The USA's economy was an undeveloped economy in 1860 CE but in 1890 CE it was one of the leading industrial powers in the world.

The Gold Rush and Expansion of Agriculture. Agriculture expanded on a large scale because of the Gold Rush. Large areas of forests were cleared and were divided into farms. The bison (wild buffalo) had almost been exterminated by 1890 CE. As a result, the life of hunting for the natives ended which they had followed for centuries. The Gold Rush also contributed to the expansion of the continent of North America. This expansion was completed in 1892 CE. Within a few years the USA also began to establish her own colonies and became an imperial power.

Q. 3. What steps were taken for the rights and interests of the natives in North America ?

What is their present position ?

Ans. Until the 1920s, nothing was done for the welfare of the natives of North America. They had been provided neither health nor educational facilities.

(i) The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. After the 1920s, the Europeans felt sympathy for the natives. They took several steps for their rights and interests. The US government passed a landmark Act in 1934 CE. This Act gave natives in reservations the right to buy land and take loans.

(ii) Efforts to motivate Natives to join Mainstream. The US government, in the 1950s and 1960s, thought of removing all special provisions given to the natives. Government hoped that the natives would join the mainstream, i.e., adopt European culture. But the natives were against this.

In 1954 CE, they prepared the ‘Declaration of Indian Rights.’ In this declaration, citizenship of the USA was accepted by a number of natives but on a condition that their reservations would remain as it is and the government would not interfere in their traditions.

(iii) The Constitution Act of 1982. In 1969 CE, the Canadian government refused to recognise aboriginal rights of the natives in Canada. The natives strongly opposed this decision of the government. They held a number of demonstrations and debates. Compelled by the circumstances, the government in 1982 CE passed the Constitution Act.

According to this Act, the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the natives were accepted.

Present Position. Today the scenario has completely changed. Though the native people of both the countries have reduced in a great number, yet they have been able to assert their rights to their own cultures.

Q. 4. How did Britain settle her convicts in Australia ? Throw light on the economic development of Australia under European settlement.

Ans. A number of convicts were deported from England to Australia. These convicts were the early settlers of Australia. They were allowed to live as free people in Australia when their jail term ended but on a condition that they would not return to Britain. So they displaced the natives from their lands and began cultivating that land.

Economic Development of Australia. Like America, the economic development of Australia was not varied under Europeans. There were established vast sheep farms and mining stations over a long period and with much labor. These formed the basis of the prosperity of the country. Some natives got employment in farms. Conditions of work in these farms were so harsh that it was just like slavery.

Later, cheap labor was provided by Chinese immigrants. But the government soon banned Chinese immigrants because it feared dependence on non–whites. Until 1974, there was the popular fear that South Asia or South East Asian people might migrate to Australia in large numbers. Therefore, the government followed a special policy to keep ‘non– white’ people out.

Q. 5. What was ‘The Great Australian Silence’? How did it help to revive culture and traditions of the natives of Australia ?

Ans. ‘The Great Australian Silence’ was a lecture delivered by an Anthropologist W.E.H. Stanner in 1968 CE. This was the silence of historians about the aborigines (native people of Australia). It electrified people. From the 1970s, there was an eagerness to understand natives. Natives were not seen as Anthropological curiosities but were seen as communities with distinct cultures and unique ways of understanding climate and nature. Now, they were to be considered as such a community which had great bodies of stories, textile and painting and carving skills. These bodies of theirs should be understood, recorded and respected. Later, Henry Reynolds in his book ‘Why Weren’t We Told?’ condemned the practice of writing Australian history as though it had started with the advent of Captain Cook in Australia.

Study of Native Cultures of Australia. After that, special departments were created in universities to study the culture of natives in Australia. Galleries of native art have been included in art galleries. 

Natives also started to write their own life histories.

It was a wonderful effort. From 1974 CE onwards, Australia has adopted the policy of multiculturalism.

This policy gave equal respect to all cultures including the cultures of natives.

6)This theme in its entirety introduces us to the native people with their instincts, respect to life, the network of circumstances, their determination vis-a-vis troubled mind people (All Europeans) passionate to obtain land and become lord, the resultant collision and percussions apparent in the form of America, a superpower at present”-Are you agree to this statement. Discuss with reference to the melodrama of the location (land) and its results

Answer:

I agree to the above statement on the following grounds-

1. Introduction with the native people-We observe in both continents i.e. North America and Australia, the native people were simple people and animists. They were so absorbed in nature that selling land in their view was an offense to the motherland. For an in¬stance, we can refer to the reply given to the offer of the treaty from the President of the USA in 1854 which was actually an agreement to sell off the land to the Government of America.

The native chief writes that land covers the freshness of the air, coolness of the water, shade of trees, etc. and it can neither be sold nor bought by any person. He tells the sap pouring from trees holds a quality of real man (Natives). However, he accepts the offer subject to congenial reservation given and treats the land so sold as sacred as they understand the water’s murmur as the voices of their fore-fathers. They would have published books and educate their children to honor this LAPD.

Wordsworth writes about the nature of these people as un¬touched by the corruptions of civilization. He describes their condition in a poem as-“They were living amid wilds where fancy hath small liberty to grace.”

Karl Marx, the great German philosopher describes the reservations provided by the Europeans to native people as the last positive capitalist utopia, the limitless nature and space to which the limitless thirst for promptness adapts itself.

2. Introduction with Europeans-We come to know that Europeans had entered North America for trade in furs and fish. It was their trade that brought them nearer to the native people whom they cheated in exchange for things with them and obtained land and goods mostly in the gift. Then they displaced them to reservations. Lee Brown says the stone tablets exhibit how Hopi (a native tribe) was arrested by the Spaniards.

About 300 years after the Americas, the Europeans started coming to Australia with the discovery made by Captain Cook. They had to fight wars with the aborigines there. However, they won and made them slaves. Here the people were mostly convicts deported from England. They shortly evicted the native people.

Hence, we see the collision of cultures and the resultant loss to native people. The natives took them greedy and deceitful and the Europeans criticized them as sloth, dull and uncivilized. The third President of the USA, Thomas Jefferson had stated-“This unfortunate race which we have been taking so many pains to civilize has justified extermination.”

The network of Circumstances :

(a) Native people-

1. They were nature lovers, self-restraint, untouched by corruption, and complacent people. Rousseau of France said-“Such people were to be admired as they were untouched by corruption.”

2. That was satisfied with their means and did not want the destruction of the beauty by cutting trees, cleaning the forest, building structures and superstructures thereupon.

3. They were bestowed by nature with rivers like Mississippi, Ohio, etc., mountains like Appalachian, the great lakes, natural reservoirs but till then know to them as living with animation as the mankind/human beings.

(b) The Europeans-

1. These all were beaten-sold or in other words, victims of corruption in Europe. Some were younger sons to land-owners denied of inheritance, a few other convicts, sufferers of sectism in Christianity (i.e. Protestant and Catholics), victims of the Enclosure Policy and some were traders. They were known to the fact the selfish ends here others from their material possessions i.e. land, business, occupation and even of their lives.

2. It is stated that avarice and selfishness i.e. a malaise to the mental body that acts upon others like that of contagious nature. It spreads even through breathing and touch. The Europeans acted as the pathogens or carrier of the disease and communicated its bacteria to native people causing their displacement, oppression, suppression, extortion, in the hands of those pathogens. They were extorted and displaced from their own countries i.e. England, France, Spain, Holland, Germany, and on their part, they came to NorthAmerica and Australia in order to practice corruption and enjoy material possession.

3. They would not write their history because of their faith in the flow of usual learning from one generation to another. There were more than 300 languages yet no records until the early part of the twentieth century they maintained or preserved anyway.

4. Countries like Canada and the USA came into existence at the end of the eighteenth century as confederacies in North America and states in Australia united in 1911 with Canberra, as its capital. These governments also did not extend any favor to the native people. Slavery was banned but its actual abolition could possible only when the UNO was formed in 1945.

The phenomenon of Land-At this juncture, when we are going to set at rest the topic, it is noticeable that the land of the Americas (i.e. North and South-both continents) where Europeans stepped with the malaise of inflicting pains, atrocities on the native people, has now appeared as a super-power of the world. Actually, it is triple-experiments of maliciousness which once communicated thereby Europeans as a pathogen.

It is so because seeds were sown in the land of Europe where scrape of inheritance was confined, enclosure policy made displacement, people kept in confinement and atrocities practiced on them to the extent that they were compelled to leave behind their home and hearth, the and other properties and seek another place for living.

Did they bite them? native people and bacteria inserted into their head and heart. It developed there in a little more than self half and thus, fully, trained Americas with her citizens has become expert in adopting Sort a century ultra-modem technique of trade and commerce and thus* has acquired the status of super-power in the world. If we could see’/ her treatment with Vietnam, Japan, Iraq, and Iran, etc. Countries including India and Pakistan it would be easy to conclude that the most expert Europeans of 30,000 years ago who looted her existence ended the people there. Actually, it is the turning of wheels systematically brought- by the phenomenon of land.

Conclusion-History is made by land and people. The land as a mute observer but the more sensitive as per William Wordsworth survives man and tries him by placing in a variety of circumstances, situations, his manner of adaptation, behavior, urge, emotions, passions, etc. and then the results, good or bad as perceived by mankind through History, take place in an interlude of decades, centuries and even that of an era.