The Industrial Revolution class 11 HIstory MCQ & SAQ

The Industrial Revolution class 11 HIstory NCERT SOLUTION:

How did Britain's involvement in wars from 1793 to 1815 affect British industries?

Answer:

1. After 1793, industrialization witnessed the disruptive effects of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

2. Capital investment, infrastructure with new machinery and industrial output were affected significantly.

3. Only after the 1820s did the productive investment improve and total output of industrial goods increase.

 

What were the relative advantages of canal and railway transportation?

Answer:

1. Canals were initially built to transport coal to cities. They made coal transportation faster and less expensive than by road. With the development of canals, many marketing centers emerged in new towns.

2. The first steam locomotive was invented by Stephenson's Rocket in 1814. Railway transport was available throughout the year; it could carry passengers and move goods fast. The railway transport took the entire process of industrialization to a second stage.

 

What were the interesting features of the 'inventions' of this period? Answer:

The interesting features of the 'inventions' of this period were:

1. Few of the inventors were trained scientists, because education in basic sciences like physics or chemistry had not developed effectively.

2. Most of the inventions did not require full knowledge of the laws of physics or chemistry on which they were based; technological advances were made by routine experiment and innovative thinking.

3. The Society of Arts (1754), traveling lecturers and scientists gathered in 'coffee houses' spread the knowledge of science and arts to the people.

4. Most inventions were more the product of determination, interest, curiosity, even luck, than the application of scientific knowledge.

 

Indicate how the supply of raw materials affected the nature of British industrialization.

Answer:

1. In England, raw materials such as coal and iron ore were available in plenty. They were the staple materials for mechanization in industries.

2. Other minerals required for lead, copper and tin industries were also available in abundant quantities.

3. However, until the eighteenth century, industries witnessed a scarcity of usable iron.

4. Charcoal was used for separating iron from ore in a process called 'smelting'. The smelting process produced poor-quality iron. Charcoal could not generate high temperatures.

5. Charcoal was also in short supply due to overexploitation of forests for timber.

 

Answer in a short essay

How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the Industrial Revolution?

Answer:

1. The lives of different classes of British women were affected by the Industrial Revolution in various ways.

2. In the pre-industrial era, women and children had always worked at home with their parents or relatives. Nature of their works changed according to the seasons.

3. Rural women were engaged in farm works; they reared livestock, gathered firewood and spun yarn on spinning wheels in their homes.

4. With the beginning of industrialization, they had to work in the factories under strict discipline and sharp forms of punishment.

5. The earnings of women and children were necessary to supplement men's meager wages.

6. Industries preferred to employ women and children because they did not agitate to their poor working conditions and wage exploitation.

7. They were employed in the cotton textile industry in Lancashire and Yorkshire.

8. Though they gained financial independence and self­ esteem from their industrial works, they had to endure many sufferings and humiliating terms.

 

Compare the effects of the coming of the railways in different countries in the world.

Answer:

1. The railway transport had taken the entire process of industrialization to a second stage in Britain. It also spread to other European countries, the USA and the colonies of Britain.

2. It connected various parts of countries with main cities and towns where industrial goods could be sold in the markets.

3. It moved machinery and heavy industrial machines and materials to other parts of the world fast and cheap. It resulted in technological innovation in non-industriaI countries.

4. The railway technology's spread to British colonies helped Britain accumulate huge raw materials for its industries.

5. For example, its introduction in India made it possible to transport cotton from the rural regions to the colonial ports from where it was shipped to Britain.

6. Frequent travel by railway transport increased cultural and regional interaction among the masses. For example, this cultural interaction nurtured the feeling of nationalism among Indians.

The Industrial Revolution class 11 HIstory MCQ :

1. The Miner's Friend, a model steam engine, was built by -

(a) Matthew Boulton

(b) James Watt

(c) Thomas Newcomen

(d) Thomas Savery

► (d) Thomas Savery

2. During the ‘little railway mania’ of 1833-37 in Britain, the total railway lines built was

(a) 1400 miles

(b) 1500 miles

(c) 1600 miles

(d) 1700 miles

► (a) 1400 miles

3. The transformation of industry and the economy in Britain, between the 1780s and the 1850s, is called the

(a) first industrial revolution

(b) first agricultural revolution

(c) first technological revolution

(d) first communication revolution

► (a) first industrial revolution

4. To drain mines, the Miner's Friend was invented, in 1698, by

(a) James Watt.

(b) Thomas Savery.

(c) Thomas Newcomen.

(d) Matthew Boulton.

► (b) Thomas Savery.

5. In 1814, the railway engineer George Stephenson constructed a locomotive called

(a) ‘The Blucher’.

(b) The ‘Puffing Devil'.

(c) The ‘Pumping Ghost’.

(d) The ‘Mighty Force’.

► (a) ‘The Blucher’.

6. Initially, canals were built in England to

(a) transport coal to cities.

(b) transport food grains.

(c) transport people.

(d) transport raw cotton.

► (a) transport coal to cities.

7. Among the several factors which made Britain the first industrialized country, the one described as a major economic change, in 18th century, was

(a) Common laws.

(b) Single currency and market.

(c) Use of money as medium of exchange.

(d) Agricultural Revolution.

► (d) Agricultural Revolution.

8. By 1850s, most of Britain was connected by

(a) rivers.

(b) railways.

(c) canals.

(d) roads.

► (b) railways.

9. The first blast furnace was invented by

(a) Henry Cort

(b) Abraham Darby III

(c) Abraham Darby I

(d) Abraham Darby II

► (c) Abraham Darby I

10. The enclosure movement, which caused hardship to farmers, began from

(a) 1760s.

(b) 1770s.

(c) 1780s.

(d) 1790s.

► (a) 1760s.

11. The first railway line in Britain was constructed in _____ between the cities of Stockholm and Darlington.

(a) 1822 C.E.

(b) 1824 C.E.

(c) 1825 C.E.

(d) 1827 C.E.

► (c) 1825 C.E.

12. Which one of the following is not true regarding the demands of participants of Luddism?

(a) Fix working hours.

(b) Control over women and child labour.

(c) Employment for those who had lost their jobs due to the coming of machinery.

(d) Right to form trade unions to legally present their demands.

► (a) Fix working hours.

13. Which one of the following is a machine that greatly contributed to the revolution in the textile industry?

(a) Flying shuttle

(b) Watt steam

(c) The typewriter.

(d) The locomotive

► (a) Flying shuttle

14. _____ were those laws which prevented the import of cheaper food until prices in Britain had risen to a certain level.

(a) Wheat Laws

(b) Rice Laws

(c) Corn Laws

(d) Lentil Laws

► (c) Corn Laws

15. The first Derby invented a _____ in 1709 C.E.

(a) Flying shuttle

(b) Blast Furnace

(c) The typewriter.

(d) The locomotive

► (b) Blast Furnace

Question : In 1814, the railway engineer George Stephenson constructed a locomotive called

(a) ‘The Blucher’.

(b) The ‘Puffing Devil’.

(c) The ‘Pumping Ghost’.

(d) The ‘Mighty Force’.

Answer :  A

Question : The first blast furnace was invented by

(a) Henry Cort

(b) Abraham Darby III

(c) Abraham Darby I

(d) Abraham Darby II

Answer :  C

Question : To drain mines, the Miner’s Friend was invented, in 1698, by

(a) James Watt.

(b) Thomas Savery.

(c) Thomas Newcomen.

(d) Matthew Boulton.

Answer :  A

Question : The enclosure movement, which caused hardship to farmers, began from

(a) 1760s.

(b) 1770s.

(c) 1780s.

(d) 1790s.

Answer :  C

Question : During the ‘little railway mania’ of 1833-37 in Britain, the total railway lines built was

(a) 1400 miles

(b) 1500 miles

(c) 1600 miles

(d) 1700 miles

Answer :  A

Question : By 1850s, most of Britain was connected by

(a) rivers.

(b) railways.

(c) canals.

(d) roads.

Answer :  B

Question :  Which one of the following is a machine that greatly contributed to the revolution in the textile industry?

(a) Flying shuttle

(b) Watt steam

(c) The typewriter

(d) The locomotive

Answer :  A

Question : Among the several factors which made Britain the first industrialized country, the one described as a major economic change, in 18th century, was

(a) Common laws.

(b) Single currency and market.

(c) Use of money as medium of exchange.

(d) Agricultural Revolution.

Answer :  D

Question : Which one of the following is a machine that greatly contributed to the revolution in the textile industry?

(a) Flying shuttle

(b) Watt steam

(c) The typewriter.

(d) The locomotive

Answer :  A

Question : The twd Combination Acts were passed to

(a) Fix minimum wages of the workers

(b) Make the working conditions congenial

(c) Prohibit the workers from protesting and forming associations

(d) Maintain old corruption.

Answer :  C

Question : In 1814, the railway engineer George Stephenson constructed a locomotive called

(a) ‘The Blucher’.

(b) The ‘Puffing Devil'.

(c) The ‘Pumping Ghost’.

(d) The ‘Mighty Force’.

Answer :  A

Question : Which one of the following is a machine that greatly contributed to the revolution in the textile industry?

(a) Flying shuttle

(b) Watt steam

(c) The typewriter.

(d) The locomotive

Answer :  C

Question :  Among the several factors which made Britain the first industrialized country, the one described as a major economic change, in the 18th century, was

(a) Common laws

(b) Single currency and market

(c) Use of money as a medium of exchange

(d) Agricultural Revolution

Answer :  D

Question : In 1814, the railway engineer George Stephenson constructed a locomotive called

(a) The Butcher

(b) The Puffing Devil

(c) The Pumping Ghost

(d) The Mighty Force

Answer :  A

Question :  The inventions were based on

(a) Study on natural sciences

(b) Individual adventures

(c) Determination, curiosity and interest of individuals

(d) Study of humanities.

Answer :  C

Question :  Which one of the following is not true regarding the demands of participants of Luddism?

(a) Fix working hours

(b) Control over women and child labour

(c) Employment for those who had lost their jobs due to coming of machinery

(d) Right to form trade unions to legally present their demands

Answer :  A

Question : Which one of the following is a machine that greatly contributed to the revolution in the textile industry?

(a) Flying shuttle

(b) Watt steam

(c) The typewriter.

(d) The locomotive

Answer :  C

Question : The Miner's Friend, a model steam engine, was built by -

(a) Matthew Boulton

(b) James Watt

(c) Thomas Newcomen

(d) Thomas Savery

Answer :  D

Question : During the 'little railway mania' of 1833-37 in Britain, the total railway lines built was

(a) 1400 miles

(b) 1500 miles

(c) 1600 miles

(d) 1700 miles

Answer :  A

Question : The transformation of industry and the economy in Britain, between the 1780s and the 1850s, is called the

(a) first industrial revolution

(b) first agricultural revolution

(c) first technological revolution

(d) first communication revolution

Answer :  A

Question : To drain mines, the Miner's Friend was invented, in 1698, by

(a)James Watt.

(b)Thomas Savery.

(c)Thomas Newcomen.

(d)Matthew Boulton.

Answer :  B

Question : In 1814, the railway engineer George Stephenson constructed a locomotive called

(a) The Blucher'.

(b) The 'Puffing Devil'.

(c) The 'Pumping Ghost'.

(d) The 'Mighty Force'

Answer :  A

Question : Initially, canals were built in England to (a) transport coal to cities.

(a) transport food grains.

(b) transport people.

(c) transport raw cotton.

(d) transport coal to cities.

Answer :  A

Question : Among the several factors which made Britain the first industrialized country, the one described as a major economic change, in 18th century, was

(a) Common laws.

(b) Single currency and market.

(c) Use of money as medium of exchange.

(d) Agricultural Revolution.

Answer :  D

Question : By 1850s, most of Britain was connected by

(a) rivers.

(b) railways.

(c) canals.

(d) roads.

Answer :  B

Question : The first blast furnace was invented by

(a) Henry Cort

(b) Abraham Darby III

(c) Abraham Darby I

(d) Abraham Darby II

Answer :  C

Question : The enclosure movement, which caused hardship to farmers, began from

(a) 1760s.

(b) 1770s.

(c) 1780s.

(d) 1790s.

Answer :  A

The Industrial Revolution class 11 HIstory SAQ:

Q. 1. What were the advantages of using coke as a substitute for charcoal in smelting?

Ans. (i) Coke could generate high temperatures.

(ii) The melted iron permitted finer and larger castings than before.

Q. . What was the significance of steam power in the industrialisation of Britain?

Ans. (i) Steam power provided pressure at high temperatures that enabled the use of a broad range of machinery.

(ii) It was the only source of energy that was inexpensive and reliable.

Q. 3. When did Thomas Newcomen build the steam engine?

Ans. 1747

Q. 4. What unit of measurement of mechanical energy did Watt make?

Explain.

Ans. Watt made horsepower the unit of measurement of mechanical energy. It equated the ability of a horse to lift 33,000 pounds (14,969 kg) one foot (0.3 m) in one minute. Horsepower remains as a universally used index of mechanical energy.

Q. . For what and why were canals initially built?

Ans. Canals were initially built to transport coal to cities. This was because the bulk and weight of coal made its transport by road much slower and more expensive than barges on canals.

Q. . What problems did the use of canals reveal in the 1830s?

Ans. (1) The congestion of vessels made movement slow on certain stretches of canals.

(2) Frost, flood or drought limited the time of use of canals.

Q. . Who constructed its feature?

Ans. Locomotive called ‘The Blucher’ was constructed by a railway engineer George Stephenson.

This locomotive could pull a weight of 30 tons up a hill at 4 mph.

Q. 8. When and between which stations the first railway line in Britain was constructed?

Ans. The first railway line in Britain was constructed in 1825 C.E. between the cities of Stockholm and Darlington.

Q. 9. Why did industrialists in Britain prefer to employ women and children ? Tell me any two reasons.

Ans. (i) Women and children would be less agitated about their poor working conditions.

(ii) They would work for lower wages than men.

Q. 10. What were the demands of participants of Luddism?

Ans. Following were the demands of participants of Luddism:

(i) Minimum wages.

(ii) Control over women and child labour.

(iii) Employment for those who had lost their jobs due to the coming of machinery.

(iv) Right to form trade unions to legally present their demands.

Q. 11. What do you mean by the Industrial Revolution?

Ans. Those quick changes with which revolution came in means of production during the 18th and 19th century are part of the Industrial Revolution. As a result, large factories were established in place of cottage industries.

Q. 12. Define the Agricultural Revolution.

Ans. In the eighteenth century, agriculture witnessed a great progress and increase in production due to scientific methods and the use of new machines.

This process is termed as the Agricultural Revolution.

Q. 13. How did a revolution occur in the textile industry in the beginning of the modern age? Which two machines greatly contributed to it?

Ans. Many inventions were brought about in the beginning of the modern age, which made the weaving and spinning of cloth easier. This brought about a revolution in the textile industry.

The flying shuttle and power loom were two machines that greatly contributed to the revolution in the textile industry.

Q. 14. Write two causes of the Agricultural Revolution in the eighteenth century.

Ans. (1) New scientific research has been made in agriculture. 

(2) Plowing and harvesting took much less time with the use of new machines. This increased agricultural production.

Q. 15. Write two good effects of the Agricultural Revolution.

Ans. (1) People became rich and their living standard rose. 

(2) Big farmers came in place of small farmers.

Q. 16. Tell two bad effects of the Agricultural Revolution.

Ans. (1) Big landlords began to exploit landless farmers. This deteriorated the condition of agricultural workers.

(2) Cotton industry was ruined.

Q. 17. Explain two social effects of the Industrial Revolution.

Ans. (1) The problem of unemployment was created, as machines had replaced manual labor.

(2) Conditions of the working class deteriorated.

Q. 18. What were the Corn Laws?

Ans. The Corn Laws were those laws which prevented the import of cheaper food until prices in Britain had risen to a certain level.

Q. 19. Write ill effects of industrialisation.

Ans. Unemployment, smoky, crowded cities, unhealthy living and working conditions and rivalry and conflict among nations were the ill effects of industrialisation.

Q. 20. Which steps were taken after the Industrial Revolution to improve the condition of workers?

Write any two steps.

Ans. (i) Factory laws were passed and the time limit of the work was fixed.

(ii) Children with age less than the prescribed age were not allowed to do work in factories.

Q. 1. Describe the five important factors responsible for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain.

Ans. The five important factors responsible for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain were as under:

1. Plentiful Capital. Britain had accumulated large amounts of money by foreign trade. The British merchants were very rich and could invest their capital in industries.

2. Availability of Raw Materials. Britain could easily obtain raw materials for its factories from her colonies.

3. Landless Unemployment. Agricultural revolution had greatly increased the number of landless peasants in Britain. These people were ready to work in factories at low wages.

4. Reserves of Coal and Iron. Sufficient reserves of coal and iron were available in Britain. These were located close to each other which made the easy establishment of industries.

5. New Inventions. Britain witnessed many technical inventions. The manufacturing of steam railways, steam engines and steam ships brought rapid changes in industries.

Q. 2. What were the chief features of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

Ans. In the second half of the eighteenth century, rapid changes came in the industrial sphere in Britain.

This has been named as the Industrial Revolution in history. Following were the chief features of this revolution:

(1) The Industrial Revolution occurred first of all in Britain. Britain had raw materials as well as markets for selling manufactured goods. All these factors were not available at one time in any other country of Europe.

(2) Domestic system was replaced by the factory system. Large cities were set up and factories established. Machines were used in cities.

(3) The Industrial Revolution was based on the machines that brought astonishing progress in the production of the textile industry. Machines built by Hargreaves and Arkwright created a revolution.

Means of transportation were developed and work in mines was improved.

(4) The British economy shifted from agriculture to industries. Peasants became mill workers.

(5) The Industrial Revolution deteriorated the workers’ condition. They were forced to work for 15-18 hours. Their colonies were often affected by diseases and epidemics.

Q. 3. Discuss the major consequences of the Industrial Revolution.

Ans. The Industrial Revolution resulted in various significant consequences, which are discussed below: 

(1) Due to the Industrial Revolution, the cottage industry was replaced by factories. As a result, people who ran small industries in homes, had to shut down their industries and work on wages in factories.

(2) Before the Industrial Revolution, most of the villagers were dependent on agriculture. Often, all the needs of people were fulfilled in villages. But now cities became centers of economic life and village peasants left villages and settled in cities. Thus, most people had no concern with land.

(3) Rise of population in cities created the problems of housing, health and sanitation.

(4) The Industrial Revolution greatly increased production, as a result of which goods were available at cheaper rates.

(5) Workers had to work continuously for longer hours in polluted environments in factories and were paid lower wages. Consequently, their health became worse.

(6) Due to the Industrial Revolution, all profits went to capitalists or industrialists. As a result, capitalism gained strength.

(7) The Industrial Revolution later led to the development of colonialism, imperialism and socialism.

Q. 4. Which conditions are conducive for industrialisation?

Ans. Generally ‘M’ factors are very much necessary for industrialisation. These are–Money, Material, Machine, Market, Man. Money is required to establish an industry. Machines could be bought with money.

Near availability of material or raw material is very helpful for industrialisation. Non–availability of material in the near- by areas could have adverse impact on profits. Market is very much necessary for consumption of furnished goods. Most important of these is a man who has proved very helpful in the production and consumption of material.

Q. 5. How has the development of labor unions proved helpful in stopping the policy of noninterference?

Ans. With the Industrial Revolution, an idea came into the forefront that the government must not interfere in trade and industries. This idea was given in a book called ‘Wealth of Nations’ written by Adam Smith.

Government accepted the idea and stopped interfering in trade and industries.

This policy of non–interference of the government had very adverse impacts on laborers. Industrialists used to take more work with less wages to the laborers.

There was no government support for laborers.

Therefore, laborers decided to improve their condition themselves. They formed their unions and started to struggle for better wages and fixed hours of work. But when industrialists hardly paid any attention to their demand it then led to conflicts among them. The government was then forced to interfere in the conflicts between industrialists and laborers. Government passed many laws for their welfare. In this way, the government was forced to leave the policy of non-interference and this was because of labor unions.

Q. 6. How did industrialisation affect agriculture, transport, communication and trade and why the need for more education was felt?

Ans. Effect on Agriculture. Agriculture was greatly affected by industrialisation. A number of peasants became unemployed with the mechanization of agriculture. They were forced to work as laborers in industries. But mechanization of agriculture increased the production.

Effect of Transport and Communication.

Production of goods increased with industrialisation.

With increase in production, factory owners had to send the furnished goods to those places where they could be consumed in great quantities. That is why means of transport were developed. In this way we can say that industrialisation had greatly affected the means of transport and communication.

To manage industries and to maintain accounts, a need for higher education was felt. Excessive production was sent to other countries. For this, it was necessary to learn foreign languages. Just by learning foreign languages, trade relations with other countries could be established. To run and maintain large machines, foreign education was also required.

In this way we can see that the need for education was felt with the advent of industrialisation.

Q. 7. Explain weaknesses and demerits of producing goods and services under capitalist system of production.

Ans. Weaknesses in production of Goods. Few weaknesses always remain in the production of goods under capitalist system and some of them are given below:

(i) Capitalists only produce things for their own welfare. Actually his main motive is to earn more and more profit.

(ii) Capitalists never cared about quality while producing things. Instead, he tries to produce those things which could earn him more profit. That is why low quality goods come into the market.

(iii) When any good, made by capitalist, becomes popular he then tries to sell it in black market as well.

Weaknesses in the System of Services.

(i) Capitalists try to take more work by giving minimum wages.

(ii) They also employ children and women with less wages.

(iii) They never care about providing health facilities and other facilities to their laborers.

(iv) They never try to improve the condition of factories.

Q. 8. What was the significance of London?

Ans. The significance of London was as follows:

(1) London was the largest among eleven cities of Britain whose population doubled between 1750 and 1800 C.E.

(2) It served as the hub of Britain’s markets.

(3) All other large cities were located close to London.

(4) It was the principal source of loans for international trade.

(5) It was the center of a triangular trade network that drew in England, Africa and the West Indies.

(6) The companies trading in America and Asia had their offices in London.

Q. 9. How did the Derbys of Shropshire bring about a revolution in the metallurgical industry?

Ans. The Derbys of Shropshire brought about a revolution in the metallurgic industry in the following ways:

(i) The first Derby invented a blast furnace in 1709 C.E. This furnace used coke which could generate high temperatures. Now it was not necessary to depend on charcoal for furnaces. The melted iron, which came out of these furnaces, allowed finer and larger castings than before.

(ii) The Second Derby developed wrought iron from pig iron and this wrought iron was less brittle.

(iii) In 1779 C.E., the third Derby built the first iron bridge in the world. This bridge was situated in Coalbrookdale, spanning the river Severn.

Q. 10. What was the importance of the cotton industry for Britain?

Ans. Production of cotton was not possible in Britain. Even then from the decade of 1780, the cotton industry became the symbol of British industrialisation. This industry had two main features which could have been seen in other industries as well:

(i) Whole of the cotton had to be imported as it was a necessary raw material.

(ii) Major parts of cloth were exported. For the whole of this process, it was necessary for England to have its own colonies, so that enough cotton could be imported from colonies and cloth could be sold in the market of colonies. Imperialism was encouraged by this process. This industry was mainly dependent upon women and children working in the factories.

The Industrial Revolution class 11 HIstory  long question:

Q. 1. Describe in detail the inventions made under the Industrial Revolution.

Ans. In the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries and early years of the nineteenth century, the scientific and technological spheres in Europe saw great progress. This progress resulted in new inventions in European countries. The inventions are described below:

1. The Flying Shuttle. The flying shuttle was designed by  John Kay in 1733 C.E. It made possible the fast weaving of cloth. This cloth was broader.

2. The Spinning Jenny. The machine, namely the Spinning Jenny, was made by James Hargreaves in 1765 C.E. There was a provision of eight spindles in this machine. Thus, a single machine could perform the work of eight persons. The yarn spun with this machine was thin but not strong.

3. The Water Frame. The water frame was invented by a barber namely Richard Arkwright in 1769 C.E. This machine ran on hydel power. A much stronger cloth could be woven with it. Thus, the invention of the water frame brought about a revolution in the textile industry. But this machine could not be installed at home and therefore factories came into existence in England.

4. The Mule. The mule was invented in 1779 C.E. by Samuel Crompton. This machine had all the qualities found in Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny and Arkwright’s water frame. It also ran on hydel power.

The yarn spun with this machine was thin and strong.

5. The Powerloom. The power loom was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1787. This machine ran on steam power. Its invention brought about a revolution in industries. Now cloth began to be woven at a faster speed.

6. The Cotton Gin. The cotton gin was invented in 1793 C.E. by Alivine. This machine could separate seeds from cotton very fast. This significant invention brought about a revolution in the cotton textile industry.

Now cloth could be woven at a faster speed.

7. The Cylinder Printing Machine. The cylinder printing machine was designed by the last years of the eighteenth century. This invention brought great changes in washing and dyeing of cloth. Consequently, the cotton textile industry made great progress.

8. The Steam Engine. At first the steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomen. Then James Watt made many improvements in it. As a result, its utility greatly increased. In fact, the Industrial Revolution began with James Watt’s steam engine.

9. Revolution in Iron and Coal Industries. 

There was a constant demand for coal for the progress of the Industrial Revolution. Consequently, there came many revolutionary changes in the iron and coal industries. Now, coke began to be used in place of charcoal for smelting iron. Earlier, even machines were made of wood. Now wood was replaced by iron, and innumerable machines were made of iron. In 1815 C.E., Sir Humphry Davy invented the safety lamp to provide protection of life to mine workers. Thus, work in mines became safe.

10. Revolution in Road Construction. 

Means of transport were very necessary for industrial progress. Roads had been in a bad condition before the Industrial Revolution. It was very difficult to carry goods from one place to another. In the last years of the eighteenth century, a Scottish engineer Mac Adam used small pieces of stone in the construction of roads.

Later on, Telford and Metcalf greatly contributed to the construction of good roads. Metalled roads encouraged the Industrial Revolution.

11. Revolution in Canal Building. 

Construction of canals began to transport bulky goods like iron and coal. The first canal in England was built in 1791 C.E. under the supervision of an engineer, Brindley.

This canal was between Worsley and Manchester.

After that, many canals were constructed and trading regions of Lancashire and Manchester got interconnected.

12. Railway Engine. In 1814 C.E., George Stephenson made the first locomotive engine, which ran on steam power. In 1830 C.E., the first railway line was constructed between Manchester and Liverpool. Thus, a new change occurred in the development of means of transportation.

Q. 2. Discuss in detail the Agricultural Revolution.

Ans. In the eighteenth century, there came a change in methods of agriculture with the use of scientific methods in the agricultural sector. New machines were invented, as a result of which methods of plowing land and harvesting crops were totally changed. So there was marvelous progress in agriculture. These methods of bringing changes in agriculture at a fast speed are termed as the Agricultural Revolution.

Causes. Methods of ancient agriculture were old and traditional. Farmers’ fields were situated in far flung areas. Farmers had to take great care of them, which wasted a lot of time. There was no fencing around fields due to which, at times,  cattle used to destroy them. Means of production were also not good.

Farmers had to leave their fields uncultivated so that the soil could regain fertility.

Under this ancient agriculture method, in free time farmers engaged themselves in many other domestic works like cloth-weaving, soap-making, etc. They met their needs from other sources in a bad season.

Demand for foodgrains increased with the increase in population. It was difficult to increase production with old methods. Therefore people began to think about new methods, so that agricultural production could be increased.

Helping Factors in the Agricultural Revolution. Following factors contributed to the Agricultural Revolution:

1. Robert Westener’s Root Crop System. Robert Westerner wrote a book about soil production. He said that the problem of leaving land unoccupied could be solved if root crops were sown. Moreover, much fodder and manure could be obtained from land.

2. Zethro Tul’s Wheat Drill. Jethro Tull designed a method of seed sowing with a machine. Sowing of seed and covering it with soil could be done at the same time with this machine.

3. Townsend's Fourfold Method. Townshed suggested sowing of four different crops turn by turn.

These were kept in this series—first wheat, then turnip, third barley and at last clover (fodder). It was not needed to leave the land unoccupied when this policy was followed. Moreover, fodder for cattle was available in winters also. Production of turnips increased to the extent that new methods were termed as the Turnip Townshend.

4. Cattle Rearing Method of Robert Bakewell and Colin. Cattle were very weak as reared according to the old method. They had less wool and flesh. But the method of Robert Bakewell and Colin solved the need for flesh and wool. Now new breeds of sheep called Newly Sister and Durham Shorthorn provided sufficient amounts of wool and flesh.

5. Thomas Coke’s Method of Manure-making. Thomas Coke devised a new method of manure making. Consequently, agricultural produce increased.

6. Arthur Young’s Methods for Agricultural Improvement. Arthur Young passed the ‘enclosure’ laws. He set up large organized fields in place of small fields. Therefore, he was named ‘Farmer George’.

Effects of the Agricultural Revolution:

1. Increase in agricultural production made people rich.

2. Small farmers were eliminated. They were replaced by big landlords.

3. Demand for land increased.

4. Efforts were made to make the barren land fertile.

5. There were also some bad effects of the Agricultural Revolution. It worsened the condition of farmers and ruined cottage industry. Consequently, unemployment increased.

Q. 3. What were the socio-economic effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Ans. The Industrial Revolution deeply affected each aspect of public life in England. It transformed the British agriculture-dominated country into an industrial country. Following were major socioeconomic effects of the Industrial Revolution:

1. Rise in National Income. This revolution made England the world’s largest industrial nation.

She established her trade relations with other countries. Her goods were sold abroad. So her national income greatly increased.

2. End of Cottage Industries. Such machines were invented during the Industrial Revolution and could not be installed at homes. So innumerable factories were set up in the country. Consequently, cottage industries in England almost ended.

3. Establishment of New Industrial Towns. Before the Industrial Revolution there were only a few towns in England. But the Industrial Revolution contributed to the establishment of large towns.

Therefore, many large industrial towns such as Manchester, Lancashire, Birmingham, Sheffield came into being in England.

4. Sufficient and Cheaper Goods. Invention of machines resulted in the sufficient production of goods. These were cheaper and so people easily began to buy them.

5. Increase in Unemployment. Elimination of home industries was the worst effect of the Industrial Revolution. Now a single machine could do the work of many people. Consequently, people who did manual labor were rendered unemployed.

6. Emergence of New Classes. The Industrial Revolution gave birth to two new classes, namely the workers and the capitalists. The capitalists made the workers  work at lower wages. Consequently the poor become poorer, and the whole wealth of the country began to be accumulated by the capitalists. Someone has rightly said, ‘‘The Industrial Revolution made the wealthy wealthier and the poor poorer.’’

7. Increase in Number of Landless Laborers. The Industrial Revolution forced small farmers to sell their plots of land and work in factories. Therefore, the number of landless laborers increased.

8. Small Craftsmen became Laborers. Now strong and perfect goods were manufactured fast with machines due to the Industrial Revolution. It lowered the demand for hand-woven or spun cloth. Therefore small craftsmen gave up their work and began to work as laborers in factories.

9. Exploitation of Women and Small Children. Women and small children were also employed in factories. They were also to do work without wages (begar). It badly affected their health.

10. Ill-effect on Workers’ Health. Workers’ health was ill-affected because of the absence of an open environment. Now they work in a polluted environment in factories rather than in clean air.

Q. 4. Why did the Industrial Revolution occur first of all in England?

Or

In which country did the Industrial Revolution occur first and why?

Ans. The Industrial Revolution implies the changes due to which the factory system emerged in the eighteenth century. This revolution occurred first in England. Following were its main causes:

1. Increase in Population. Population in England had greatly increased, which resulted in a great demand for goods. So the English paid their attention towards increasing industrial production.

2. British Colonies. Demand for goods in colonies set up by the British had increased. So the British could consume their surplus goods in these colonies.

3. Availability of Raw Materials. The British empire had expanded to a great extent. So the British were able not only to sell their goods in their colonies but also obtain raw materials at lower rates from there. This is the reason why the Industrial Revolution occurred first in England.

4. Prosperity. A successful internal and external policy of Walpole had made the British rich. These people could very easily invest their capital in industries.

5. Great Number of Banks. There were a great number of banks in the country to help people in their transactions of money. So, banks also helped in the occurrence of the Industrial Revolution first of all in England.

6. Peaceful Atmosphere of the Country. Walpole, by his foreign policy, kept England aloof from the European wars in the eighteenth century. Because of the peaceful atmosphere in the country, people paid their attention towards the progress of industries and trade.

7. Suitable Climate. Almost each region of England is located near the sea. So there the climate is humid which is very useful for the textile industry. That is why the cotton textile industry made progress first of all in England.

8. Coal and Iron Mines. There were a great number of iron and coal mines in England. These mines were situated very close to each other. Nearness of these mines too became a cause of the Industrial Revolution to occur first of all in England.

9. Expansion of Foreign Trade. The British were good navigators. They undertook voyages, discovered new lands and established trade contacts with the newly discovered territories. Therefore, increasing trade also caused the Industrial Revolution.

10. Ships. The British had very good ships. It made transportation of goods much more convenient. So, because of good ships, the Industrial Revolution occurred first in England.

11. Freedom of Ideas. The British enjoyed a complete freedom of ideas. The government had not imposed any restrictions on them. So, people made new discoveries, which became a major cause of the Industrial Revolution.

Q. 5. Describe the expansion of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. In which Asian country did it occur first?

Ans. The expansion of the Industrial Revolution in Europe is described below:

1. England. In fifty years after the beginning of the machine age, England became the world’s largest industrial nation. For instance, England exported only 50 thousand kg of cotton textile to India in 1813 C.E., which rose to 25 lac kg in 1855 C.E. Mineral production in England also increased to a large extent.

England began to export even coal. Thus, England became a great industrial nation. But development in other industrial countries of Europe started only after the fall of Napoleon.

2. France, Germany, etc. After the fall of Napoleon, the use of machines began in France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany. But these countries only experienced a total development of industries after a very long time. The reason was that there was political instability in some of these countries. Iron industry was established in France first in 1850 C.E. Though steel production in Germany had increased in 1865 C.E., it was behind England.

In 1871 C.E., after the unification of Germany, this nation experienced marvelous industrial development. In a few years, Germany emerged as the industrial rival of England.

3. The United States of America. Though the use of machines in the United States of America had initiated after it achieved independence from England, development of industries occurred there only after 1870 C.E. In 1860 C.E., cotton textile, steel and shoe industries had been set up in this country, but still their production increased only after 1870 C.E.

4. Russia. Russia is such a European country that experienced the Industrial Revolution last of all. There was no shortage of minerals. But because of shortage of capital and free laborers, industrial development could not be made possible there for a long time. In 1861 C.E., Russia was freed from slavery. It also obtained capital from foreign countries. Consequently, Russia paid its attention towards industrial development. Their industries started but their complete development could be possible only after the Revolution of 1917 C.E.

The First Industrialized Asian Country. Japan was the first amongst the Asian countries who witnessed industrial development. In the last years of the nineteenth century, steel, machines, chemical substances and metal goods were produced in large quantities in Japan. Japan even exported these commodities.

Write an essay on the Industrial Revolution which started from Britain along with the background of genesis, the developments, and percussion.

Answer:

Background-Industrial Revolution started in Britain because

1. England, Wales, and Scotland were unified under a monarchy hence, a stable government.

2. Common laws, single currency, common taxation on entire land facilitated the capital formation and investment in the manufacturing sector.

3. Money was used as a medium of exchange and a large section of the people received their income in the form of wages and salaries, not in goods.

4. Demand for consumer goods increased because national savings got a boost.

5. Under the agricultural revolution, bigger landlords had bought up small farms and enclosed the common land of the village (i.e. pastures). Thus, large estates were made and opened their factories.

6. Towns were grown in area and population. These were- New castles, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield including London.

7. There were rivers used for navigation because all of them drained into the sea. There were 1,160 miles of navigable water.

8. There was a banking facility in each town. There were 600 banks in provinces and 100 banks in London.

Developments-Developments under the industrial revolution can be described as under-

(a) Coal and Iron-England had an immense treasure of minerals like coal, iron ore, lead, copper, and tin. Iron was extracted through the smelting process in the ore. Charcoal was initially used when the blast furnace was invented by Abraham Darby. This coke was extracted from coal by removing the sulfur and other impurities. Wrought-iron was developed from pig-iron.

(b) Cotton spinning and Weaving-Invented spinning and weaving machines were-the flying shuttle loom by John Kay, the spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves, the water frame by Richard Arkwright, the Mule by Samuel Crompton, and power loom by Edmund Cartwright. These machines fanned up production on a large scale. Raw cotton was imported from South Asian countries including India and finished product from Britain was exported to the markets of those countries by making twists in tariff and custom rules.

Stream Power-It was used first in moving industries with the increase in demand for coal and metals, efforts to use steam power in deeper mines were made. Thomas Savery built Mariner Friend (a model steam engine) to drain mines. Another engine was built by Newcomen in 1712. James Watt invented the Steam engine in 1769. After 1800, steam engine technology was further developed with the use of lighter, stronger metals, the manufacture of more accurate machine tools, and the spread of better scientific knowledge.

Canals and Railways-Carrying coal from the mill sites to cities was the purpose behind canal construction. Eg. Worsley Canal by James Brindley carrying coal to Manchester. Canal mania lasted from 1788 to 1796 and 6000 miles of lengthy canals were built.

Rocket, the steam locomotive by Stephenson started running on rail-road in 1814. Richard Trevithick invented the Puffing Devil i.e. locomotive engine in 1810 and The Butcher was made by George Stephenson. Under railway mania between 1833-37,1400 miles of line and between 1844-47 another 1,500 miles of line was sanctioned and built.

The Workers-Problems of workers increased during this period. Machines spread unemployment, pollution, ailments and it resulted in a sharp reduction in the workers’ population. Wages declined and all family members including children and women had to work in factories in order to arrange bread at two breaks. Epidemic due to insanitation and unhygienic living conditions of workers spread. These took a toll on several millions of people. Child labor and women employment in factories, uncertain working hours, less wage, etc. became major issues for protest.

Parliament was constituted by nobles, landlords, wealthy merchants, and traders. Hence, a number of laws were passed from time to time in order to sustain the exploitation of workers. Only in 1847 some laws, after several movements, food riots, and demonstrations; were passed prohibiting child labor and fixed hours of working for men and women. Thus, we can state that the industrial revolution had increased the pains of workers, small industries, handicrafts, and other small-scale vocations.

Conclusion: It was not a revolution because-

1. Industrialization took a period of forty years in its developments i.e. 1780-1820.

2. Spurt in cotton and textile trade and iron industry was due to the import of raw material from Britain’s colonies in South Asia including India and exports to their indigenous markets.

3. A survey made in 1850 revealed that handicraft industries were running parallel to the factories.

4. Capital formation remained barred due to England’s continuous wars in Europe, North America, and India for 36 years from 1760 ahead.

5. The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted the progress of the industrial revolution.