The Human Eye and Colorful World class 10 physics NCERT MCQ & SAQ

The Human Eye and Colorful World class 10 physics NCERT SOLUTION:

1. What is meant by the power of accommodation of the eye?

 

Answer

 

The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length, so as to clearly focus rays coming from distant as well as near objects on the retina, is called the power of accommodation of the eye.

 

2. A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m distinctly. What should be the type of the corrective lens used to restore proper vision?

 

Answer

 

A person with a myopic eye should use a concave lens of focal length 1.2 m so as to restore proper vision.

 

3. What is the far point and near point of the human eye with normal vision?

 

Answer

 

The near point of the eye is the minimum distance of the object from the eye, which can be seen distinctly without strain. For a normal human eye, this distance is 25 cm.

The far point of the eye is the maximum distance to which the eye can see the objects clearly. The far point of the normal human eye is infinity.

 

4. A student has difficulty reading the blackboard while sitting in the last row. What could be the defect the child is suffering from? How can it be corrected?

 

Answer

 

The student is suffering from myopia or short-sightedness. The defect can be corrected by the use of concave (diverging ) lenses of an appropriate power.

 

Page No: 197

 

Exercise

 

1. The human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens. This is due to

(a) presbyopia

(b) accommodation

(c) near-sightedness

(d) far-sightedness

► (b) accommodation

 

Page No: 198

 

2. The human eye forms the image of an object at its

(a) cornea 

(b) iris 

(c) pupil 

(d) retina

► (d) retina

 

3. The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is about

(a) 25 m

(b) 2.5 cm

(c) 25 cm

(d) 2.5 m

► (c) 25 cm

 

4. The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the

(a) pupil

(b) retina

(c) ciliary muscles

(d) iris

► (c) ciliary muscles

 

5. A person needs a lens of power -5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For correcting his near vision he needs a lens of power +1.5 dioptre. What is the focal length of the lens required for correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision?

 

Answer

 

The power P of a lens of focal length f is given by the relationP= 1/f

 

(i) Power of the lens used for correcting distant vision = - 5.5 D

Focal length of the required lens, f= 1/Pf= 1/-5.5 = -0.181 m

The focal length of the lens for correcting distant vision is - 0.181 m.

 

(ii) Power of the lens used for correcting near vision = +1.5 D

Focal length of the required lens, f= 1/P

f= 1/1.5 = +0.667 m

The focal length of the lens for correcting near vision is 0.667 m.

 

6. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to correct the problem?

 

Answer

 

The person is suffering from an eye defect called myopia. In this defect, the image is formed in front of the retina. Hence, a concave lens is used to correct this defect of vision.

Object distance, u = infinity = ∞

Image distance, v = - 80 cm

Focal length = f

According to the lens formula,

A concave lens of power - 1.25 D is required by the person to correct his defect.

 

7. Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What is the power of the lens required to correct this defect? Assume that the near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.

 

Answer

 

A person suffering from hypermetropia can see distinct objects clearly but faces difficulty in seeing nearby objects clearly. It happens because the eye lens focuses the incoming divergent rays beyond the retina. This defect of vision is corrected by using a convex lens. A convex lens of suitable power converges the incoming light in such a way that the image is formed on the retina, as shown in the following figure.

 

The convex lens actually creates a virtual image of a nearby object (N' in the figure) at the near point of vision (N) of the person suffering from hypermetropia.

The given person will be able to clearly see the object kept at 25 cm (near the point of the normal eye), if the image of the object is formed at his near point, which is given as 1 m.

Object distance, u= - 25 cm

Image distance, v= - 1 m = - 100 m

Focal length, f

Using the lens formula,

A convex lens of power +3.0 D is required to correct the defect.

 

8. Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly objects placed closer than 25 cm?

A normal eye is unable to clearly see objects placed closer than 25 cm because the ciliary muscles of the eyes are unable to contract beyond a certain limit.

 

9. What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an object from the eye?

 

The image is formed on the retina even on increasing the distance of an object from the eye. For this

the eye lens becomes thinner and its focal length increases as the object is moved away from the eye.

 

10. Why do stars twinkle?

Stars twinkle due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. As the stars are very far away, they behave as almost point sources of light. A son account of atmospheric refraction, the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates and the amount of starlight entering the eye flickers. So, sometimes, the star appears brighter and at some other time, fainter. Thus, the stars twinkle.

 

11. Explain why the planets do not twinkle?

Planets are much closer to the earth and are seen as extended sources. So, a planet may be considered as a collection of a large number of point-sized light sources. Although light coming from individual point-sized sources flickers, the total amount of light entering our eye from all the individual point-sized sources averages out to be constant. Thereby, planets appear equally bright and there is no twinkling of planets.

 

12. Why does the Sun appear reddish early in the morning?

During sunrise, the light rays coming from the Sun have to travel a greater distance in the earth's atmosphere before reaching our eyes. In this journey, the shorter wavelengths of lights are scattered out and only longer wavelengths are able to reach our eyes. Since blue color has a shorter wavelength and red color has a longer wavelength, the red color is able to reach our eyes after the atmospheric scattering of light. Therefore, the Sun appears reddish early in the morning.

 

13. Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?

The sky appears dark instead of blue to an astronaut because there is no atmosphere in outer space that can scatter the sunlight. As the sunlight is not scattered, no scattered light reaches the eyes of the astronauts and the sky appears black to them.

The Human Eye and Colorful World class 10 physics NCERT MCQ 

1.  Which of the following phenomenon contributes significantly to the reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise or sunset?

(a) Dispersion of light

(b) Scattering of light

(c) Total internal Reflection

(d) Reflection of light from the earth

► (b) Scattering of light

 

2. The black opening between the aqueous humor and the lens is called

(a) retina

(b) iris

(c) cornea

(d) pupil

► (d) pupil

 

3. The defect of myopia can be corrected by using

(a) Concave lens

(b) Convex lens

(c) Either concave or convex

(d) A complicated combination of lenses.

► (a) Concave lens

 

4. The muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil is

(a) cornea

(b) ciliary muscles

(c) iris

(d) retina

► (c) iris

 

5. The defect of vision in which the person is able to see distant objects distinctly but cannot see nearby objects clearly is called

(a) Long-sightedness

(b) Far-sightedness

(c) Hypermetropia

(d) All of the above

► (d) All of the above

 

6. Myopia and hypermetropia can be corrected by

(a) Concave and plano-convex lens

(b) Concave and convex lens

(c) Convex and concave lens

(d) Plano-concave lens for both defects.

► (b) Concave and convex lens

 

7. When a person is myopic, he/ she can clearly see

(a) both nearby and far off objects

(b) Only nearby objects

(c) only far off objects

(d) Neither near nor far off objects

► (b) Only nearby objects

 

8. The ability of eye lens to adjust its focal length to form a sharp image of the object at varying distances on the retina is called

(a) Power of observation of the eye

(b) Power of adjustment of the eye

(c) Power of accommodation of the eye

(d) Power of enabling the eye

► (c) Power of accommodation of the eye

 

9. The image formed on the retina of the human eye is

(a) virtual and inverted

(b) real and inverted

(c) real and erect

(d) virtual and erect

► (b) real and inverted

 

10. Bi-focal lens are required to correct

(a) astigmatism

(b) coma

(c) myopia

(d) presbyopia

► (d) presbyopia

 

11. The color that is scattered the least by the tiny particles and the atoms/ molecules of the atmosphere is

(a) Violet

(b) Green

(c) yellow

(d) Red

► (d) Red

 

12.  The human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length

of the eye lens. This is due to

(a) Presbyopia

(b) Accommodation

(c) Near-sightedness

(d) Far-sightedness

► (b) Accommodation

 

13.  The focal length of the eye lens increases when the eye muscles.

(a) are relaxed and lens becomes thinner

(b) contract and lens becomes thicker

(c) are relaxed and lens becomes thicker

(d) Contract and lens become thinner.

► (a) are relaxed and lens becomes thinner

 

14. The least distance of distinct vision for an eye lens is caused by the action of the

(a) 25 m

(b) 2.5 cm

(c) 25 cm

(d) 2.5 m

► (c) 25 cm

 

15. The air layer of atmosphere whose temperature is less then the hot layer behave as optically

(a) denser medium

(b) rarer medium

(c) inactive medium

(d) either denser or rarer medium

► (a) denser medium

 

16. The human eye forms the image of an object at its

(a) Cornea

(b) Iris

(c) Pupil

(d) Retina

► (d) Retina

 

17. The deflection of light by minute particles and molecules of the atmosphere in all directions is called ____________ of light.

(a) dispersion

(b) scattering

(c) interference

(d) tyndall effect

► (c) interference

 

18. The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the

(a) Pupil

(b) Retina

(c) Ciliary muscles

(d) Iris

► (c) Ciliary muscles

 

19. Refraction of light by the earth’s atmosphere due to variation in air density is called

(a) atmospheric reflection

(b) atmospheric dispersion

(c) atmospheric scattering

(d) atmospheric refraction

► (d) atmospheric refraction

 

20. When white light enters a prism, it gets split into its constituent colors. This is due to

(a) different refractive index for different wavelength of each color

(b) each color has the same velocity in the prism.

(c) prism material has high density.

(d) Scattering of light

► (a) different refractive index for different wavelength of each color

 

21. One cannot see through the fog, because

(a) refractive index of the fog is very high

(b) light suffers total reflection at droplets

(c) fog absorbs light

(d) light is scattered by the droplets

► (d) light is scattered by the droplets

22. The danger signals installed at the top of tall buildings are red in color. These can be easily seen from a distance because among all other colors, the red light

(a) is scattered the most by smoke or fog

(b) is scattered the least by smoke or fog

(b) is absorbed the most by smoke or fog

(c) moves fastest in air

► (b) is scattered the least by smoke or fog

 

23. The clear sky appears blue because

(a) blue light gets absorbed in the atmosphere.

(b) ultraviolet radiations are absorbed in the atmosphere.

(c) violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights of all other colors by the atmosphere.

(d) light of all other colors is scattered more than the violet and blue color lights by the atmosphere.

► (c) violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights of all other colors by the atmosphere.

 

24. Twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric

(a) dispersion of light by water droplets

(b) refraction of light by different layers of varying refractive indices

(c) scattering of light by dust particles

(d) internal reflection of light by clouds.

► (b) refraction of light by different layers of varying refractive indices

 

25. A person cannot see distinctly objects kept beyond 2 m. This defect can be corrected by using a lens of power

(a) + 0.5 D

(b) – 0.5 D

(c) + 0.2 D

(d) – 0.2 D

► (b) – 0.5 D

 

26. Near and far points of a young person normal eye respectively are

(a) 0 and infinity

(b) 0 and 25 cm

(c) 25 cm and infinity

(d) 25 cm and 150 cm.

► (c) 25 cm and infinity

 

27. The splitting of white light into different colors on passing through a prism is called

(a) reflection

(b) refraction

(c) dispersion

(d) deviation

► (c) dispersion

 

28. A person cannot see distinctly objects kept beyond 2 m. This defect can be corrected by using a lens of power

(a) +0.5 D

(b) -0.5 D

(c) +0.2 D

(d) -0.2 D

► (b) -0.5 D

 

29. Twinkling of stars is due to

(a) reflection of light by clouds

(b) scattering of light by dust particles

(c) dispersion of light by water drops

(d) atmospheric refraction of starlight

► (d) atmospheric refraction of starlight

 

30. The defect of vision in which a person cannot see the distant objects clearly but can see nearby objects clearly is called

(a) myopia

(b) hypermetropia

(c) presbyopia

(d) bifocal eye

► (a) myopia

31. At noon, the Sun appears white as

(a) blue color is scattered the most

(b) red color is scattered the most

(c) light is least scattered

(d) all the colors of the white light are scattered away

► (c) light is least scattered

 

32. The least distance of distinct vision for a normal eye is

(a) infinity

(b) 25 cm

(c) 2.5 cm

(d) 25 m

► (b) 25 cm

 

33. The amount of light entering the eye can be controlled by the

(a) iris

(b) pupil

(c) cornea

(d) ciliary muscles

► (b) pupil

 

34. The medical condition in which the lens of the eye of a person becomes progressively cloudy resulting in blurred vision is called

(a) myopia

(b) hypermetropia

(c) presbyopia

(d) cataract

► (d) cataract

 

35. What type of image is formed by the eye lens on the retina?

(a) Real and erect

(b) Virtual and inverted

(c) Real and inverted

(d) Virtual and erect

► (c) Real and inverted

 

36. Which of the following is a natural phenomenon which is caused by the dispersion of sunlight in the sky?

(a) Twinkling of stars

(b) Stars seem higher than they actually are

(c) Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset

(d) Rainbow

► (d) Rainbow

 

37. The defect of the eye in which the eyeball becomes too long is

(a) myopia

(b) hypermetropia

(c) presbyopia

(d) cataract

► (a) myopia

 

The Human Eye and Colorful World class 10 physics NCERT SAQ

 

 

Q.1. Define the term power of accommodation. Write the modification in the curvature of the eye which enables us to see the nearby objects clearly. What are the limits of accommodation power of a healthy normal human eye ? [CBSE 2019]

Ans. Accommodation power is the property of the eye lens to adjust its focal length so as to focus objects situated at different distances from the eye on the retina.

When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the eye lens becomes thin and its focal length is maximum and equal to the diameter of the eyeball. In this condition, one can see distant objects clearly.

At the time of looking at nearby objects the ciliary muscles of eye contact and eye lens become thicker. Consequently, the focal length of the eye lens decreases and nearby objects are clearly focussed at the retina.

There are definite limits of accommodation power for a healthy normal eye. The farthest distance, up to which an eye can see objects clearly, is called the far point of the eye and its value is infinity. The minimum distance, up to which an eye can see distinctly , is known as the near point of the eye and its value is 25 cm for a normal eye.

 

Q.2. When do we consider a person to be myopic ? List two causes of this defect.

Explain using a ray diagram how can this defect of the eye be corrected ? [CBSE 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2019]

Ans. A person is said to have a myopic vision, if he can see objects situated near the eye clearly but cannot clearly see distant objects. If a person can see clearly upto a distance ‘x’ from the eye then it means that far point of eye has shifted from infinity to a point O situated at distance V from the eye.

Naturally light rays coming from a distant object (u = ∞) are focussed in front of the retina of the eye.

Two possible causes of myopia are :

(i) Either the power of the eye lens has become more than its normal value due to excessive curvature of the cornea (focal length of eye lens has decreased) or

(ii) Elongation of the eyeball due to some genetic defect.

To rectify this defect a concave lens of focal length f is used, which may form the virtual image of the distant object at the far point of defective eye (i.e., u = - ∞ and v = - x ) so that now the defective eye may form the image at the retina.

Obviously, by using lens formula, we have

⇒ f = -x

The ray diagram of the defective eye and its rectification are shown here.

 

Q.3. Name two defects of vision. Mention their cause and the type of lenses used to correct them. [CBSE 2014,2016,2019]

Ans. Two main defects of vision, their cause and correction are as follows :

(1) Myopia - In myopia or near-sightedness (or short-sightedness), a person can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly. For a myopic eye, the far point is not at infinity but has shifted nearer to the eye.

Myopia arises due to either (i) excessive curvature of the cornea, or (ii) elongation of the eyeball.

Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens whose focal length has the same numerical value as the distance from the far point of the defective eye.

(2) Hypermetropia - In hypermetropia or long-sightedness, a person can see distant objects distinctly but cannot see nearby objects so clearly. For a long sighted eye, the near point is not at 25 cm but has shifted away from the eye.

Hypermetropia arises either because

(i) the focal length of eye lens is too large, or

(ii) contraction of the eyeball.

Hypermetropia can be corrected by using a suitable convex lens, which forms a virtual image of the object situated at 25 cm at the near point of the defective eye so that now the eye lens can focus it on the retina.

 

Q.4. What is a rainbow ? Draw a labeled diagram to show the formation of a rainbow. [CBSE 2019]

Or

Describe the formation of a rainbow in the sky with the help of a diagram. [CBSE 2011,2014,2017]

Ans. A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the sky after a rain shower. Rainbows are caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets hanging in the atmosphere after a rain shower. The water droplets act like small prisms. As shown in the figure, the water droplets refract and disperse the incident sunlight. These rays are then reflected internally and finally refracted again and come out of the rain drop. Due to the dispersion and internal reflection of light different colors reach the observer’s eye and a rainbow is seen.

An important point to be noted here is that a rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun.

 

Q. 5. What is atmospheric refraction ? Briefly explain. Why does the apparent position of a star appear different from its true position ? [CBSE 2012,2013,2015,2019]

Ans. Atmospheric air layer just near the earth surface is comparatively denser and upper layers of atmosphere are successively rarer and more rarer. Hence, a light ray passing through atmospheric air undergoes refraction. Since the physical conditions of air are not stationary, the apparent position of the distant object, as seen through the air, fluctuates. It is known as an effect of atmospheric refraction.

Light coming from a distant star on entering into the earth’s atmosphere gradually bends towards the normal on account of atmospheric refraction. Hence, the star appears slightly higher than its actual position when viewed near the horizon.

 

Q.6. The stars appear higher from the horizon than they actually are. Explain why it is so. [CBSE 2011,2012,2019]

Ans. As we go up and up in the earth's atmosphere, it goes on becoming rarer and rarer. As a result, the atmospheric layer near the earth’s surface has a maximum refractive index and the refractive index gradually decreases with increase in height.

When a light ray from a star enters into Earth's atmosphere, it travels from rarer to denser medium and hence continues to bend towards the normal. As a result, an observer on earth considers the apparent position of the star to be at a higher altitude.

 

Q.7. What is scattering of light ? Use this phenomenon to explain why (i) the sun appears reddish at sunrise, and (ii) the clear sky appears blue. [CBSE 2015, 2019]

Ans. Scattering of light is the phenomenon of spreading of light in all directions due to interplay of light with tiny particles like air molecules, dust particles, colloidal solutions etc.

(i) At the time of sunrise the sun is situated near the horizon. Light from the sun therefore covers a larger distance in the earth’s atmosphere before reaching an observer’s eyes. During its passage through the atmosphere blue light is mostly scattered away and so the sun appears reddish.

(ii) During the day , light from the sun is scattered from air molecules in all directions. The amount of scattering is more for blue light because its wavelength is less. Hence, the clear sky appears blue.

 

Q 8.  What happens to the image distance in the normal human eye when we decrease the distance of an object, say 10 m to 1 m? Justify your answer.  [Delhi 2019]

Ans: There is no change in the image distance in the eye. The eye lens has the ability to adjust its focal length called accommodation. When object distance distance decreases, ciliary muscles contract and the lens becomes thick and its focal length decreases. It facilitates near vision.

Q 9. Due to gradual weakening of ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens, a certain defect of vision arises. Write the name of this defect. Name the type of lens required by such persons to improve the vision. Explain the structure and function of such a lens. [Delhi 2017]

Ans. 

• The defect of vision is Presbyopia.

• Bifocal lens is required by such persons to improve the vision.

Structure and function of Bifocal lens

• To view far off objects, the upper part of the bifocal lens is Concave or Diverging lens. 

• To facilitate or view nearby objects, the Lower part of the bifocal lens is Convex or Converging lens.

Q.10. What eye defect is hypermetropia ? What are its two possible causes ? Describe with a ray diagram how this defect of vision can be corrected by using an appropriate lens. [CBSE 2011,2012,2013,2015,2017]

Ans. Hypermetropia or long-sightedness is that defect of vision in which the defective eye can see distant objects distinctly but is unable to see distinctly an object placed near his eye. For a nearby object the image is formed behind the retina.

Two possible causes of this defect of vision are :

(i) The power of the eye lens is less (or the focal length of the eye lens is more) due to less curvature of the cornea.

(ii) The size of the eyeball is shortened.

The hypermetropia defect can be corrected by using a converging (convex) lens of appropriate power.

Ray diagrams showing the defect and its correction are

 

Q.13. What is pieant by the dispersion of white light ? Draw a neat diagram to show dispersion of white light by a glass prism. What is the cause of dispersion ? [CBSE 2010,2011,2013,2014,2017]

Ans. When a beam of white light passes through a glass prism it splits up into its constituent seven colors. The splitting of white light into its constituent colors when light passes through a dispersive medium is called “dispersion of light”. The seven colors, usually expressed as ‘VIBGYOR’ constitute the spectrum of white light.

The ray diagram showing dispersion is given here

Cause of Dispersion : When a beam of white light enters a glass prism (or any other dispersive medium), the light ray bends towards the normal on entering into glass. However, different colors of light bend through different angles with respect to the incident ray. The red light bends the least while the violet light bends the most. So, rays of different colors emerge along different paths and, thus, become distinct. Hence, dispersion is caused and spectrum is formed.

 

Q 14. State the cause of dispersion of white light by a glass prism. How did Newton, using two identical glass prisms, show that white light is made of seven colors? Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a narrow beam of white light, through a combination of two identical prisms arranged together in an inverted position with respect to each other, when it is allowed to fall obliquely on one of the faces of the first prism of the combination.  [AI 2017]

Ans. Cause of dispersion: From Snell’s law of refraction, the angle of refraction of light in a prism depends on the refractive index of the prism material. Moreover, the refractive index of the material varies inversely with the speed of light and also varies inversely with the wavelength of light. Hence, different colors of white light bend through different angles with respect to the incident light, as they pass through the glass prism.

Newton Experiment: Consider a prism A. When a beam of white light falls obliquely on one of the faces of this prism, it splits up into seven constituent colors. The violet color deviates the most and the red color deviates the least.

If another identical prism B is placed in an inverted position with respect to first prism A, the constituent coloured rays that emerge out of prism A will be made to merge together to come out as a beam of white light, as shown below.

 

Q 15. Name the type of defect of vision a person is suffering from, if he uses convex lenses in his spectacles for the correction of his vision. If the power of the lenses is +0.5 D, find the focal length of the lenses. [AI2017C]

Ans: The defect of vision is hypermetropia.

Focal length o f lenses,

 

Q 16. Describe an activity to show that the colors of white light splitted by a glass prism can be recombined to get white light by another identical glass prism. Also draw a ray diagram to show the recombination of the spectrum of white light. [AI 2016]

Ans. Recombination of Colors: The colors of white light splitted by a glass prism can be recombined to get white light by another identical glass prism. Newton demonstrated this phenomenon of recombination of the coloured rays of a spectrum to get back white light. (а) A triangular prism ABC is placed on its base BC.

(b) A similar prism A 'B 'C ' is placed alongside its refracting surface in the opposite direction, i.e. in an inverted position with respect to the first prism as shown in figure.

(c) A beam of white light entering the prism ABC undergoes refraction and is dispersed into its constituent seven colors.

(d) These constituent seven coloured rays are incident on the second inverted prism A'B'C' and get further refracted.

(e) The second prism recombines them into a beam of white light and emerges from the other side of the second prism and falls on the screen.

(f) This is due to the fact that the refraction or bending produced by the second inverted prism is equal and opposite to the refraction or bending produced by the first prism. This causes the seven colors to recombine.

(g) A white patch of light is formed on the screen placed beyond the second prism. This proves the phenomenon of recombination of the spectrum of white light.

 

Q. 17. What is the function of the retina in the human eye ? [CBSE 2006, 2014, 2015, 2016]

Ans. The retina behaves like a light sensitive screen, on which a real and inverted image of any object situated in front of the eye is formed.

 

Q.18. What is the function of the crystalline lens of the eye ? [CBSE 2012,2016]

Ans. It provides the fine adjustment of focal length of the eye lens system so as to focus images of objects situated at different distances on the retina.

Q.19. Write the function of iris in the human eye. [CBSE 2007,2011,2016]

Ans. Iris controls the size of the pupil

 

Q.20. State the role of ciliary muscles in accommodation of the eye. [CBSE 2011,2012,2015,2016]

Ans. To adjust/modify the shape (curvature) of the eye lens so that its focal length can be increased or decreased.

 

Q.21. What are the values of (i) near point and (ii) far point of vision of a normal adult person ? [CBSE 2011,2012,2015,2016] 

Ans . (i ) 25 cm, (ii ) infinity.

 

Q.22. Name two possible causes of myopia. [CBSE 2011,2012,2016]

Ans. (i) Excessive curvature of the eye lens.

(ii) Elongation o f the eyeball.

 

Q.23. An old person is unable to see nearby objects as well as distant objects clearly. What defect of vision is he suffering from ? [CBSE 2013,2016]

Ans. The old person is suffering from presbyopia.

 

Q.24. Priya prefers to sit in the front row as she finds it difficult to read the blackboard from the last desk of her class room. State the defect of vision she is suffering from. [CBSE 2011,2013,2016]

Ans. Priya is suffering from myopia (nearsightedness).

 

Q.25. Name the component of white light that deviates (i) the least and (ii ) the most while passing through a glass prism. [CBSE 2011,2014,2016]

Ans. (e) Red light is deviated the least and (ee) Violet light is deviated the most.

 

Q.26. What will be the color of the sky when it is observed from a place in the absence of any atmosphere ? [CBSE 2012,2016]

Ans. Black (dark).

 

Q.27. Why is red selected for danger signal lights ? [CBSE 2008,2016]

Ans. Red light is least scattered by fog or smoke and can be easily seen from a distance.

 

Q.28. (a) What is the function of the iris and pupil of the eye ? 

(b) How does the focal length of the eye lens change as per distance of the object in front of the eye ? [CBSE 2012,2014,2015,2016]

Ans. (a) The iris controls the size of the pupil. It adjusts in size, and therefore, helps in regulating the amount of light entering the eye through a variable aperture ‘pupil’. When the fight is very bright, the pupil becomes very small. However, in dim light, it opens up completely through the relaxation of the iris.

(b) The crystalline eye lens consists of a fibrous, jelly-like material. Its curvature can be modified to some extent by the ciliary muscles. The change in the curvature of the eye lens can change its focal length. When the muscles are relaxed, the lens is thin and its focal length is more (about 2.5 cm). When the ciliary muscles contract and the eye lens becomes thicker. Consequently, the focal length of the eye lens decreases.

 

Q.29. What is a prism ? Draw a neat diagram to show refraction of a light ray through a triangular glass prism. Define angle of deviation. [CBSE 2011,2013,2014,2016]

Ans. An optical prism has two triangular bases and three rectangular lateral surfaces, which are inclined to each other. The Angle between its two lateral faces is called the angle of prism.

The labeled diagram has been shown in Fig in which

∠PEN = ∠i = angle of incidence, ∠N'EF = ∠r = angle of refraction and ∠MFR = ∠e = angle of emergence

Whenever refraction of light takes place through a prism, the emergent ray bends towards the base of the prism. The angle between the directions of incident ray and emergent ray is called the angle of deviation D.

 

Q.30. Explain why the planets do not twinkle but the stars twinkle. [CBSE 2011, 2014, 2016]

Ans. Stars are very far away from the earth and behave almost like a point object. The atmosphere is made of several layers and their refractive indices keep on changing continuously. So the light rays coming from the star keep on changing their paths continuously. As a consequence, the number of rays (or the light energy) entering the pupil of the eye goes on changing with time and the stars appear twinkling.

A planet is comparatively nearer to the earth and subtends a larger angle at the eye. So, it may be considered as a collection of a large number of point sized objects. Due to atmospheric refraction, the quantity of light coming from any one point sized object changes with time but the total light entering the observer’s eye due to all these point objects remains almost the same. As a result the planet does not twinkle.

 

Q.31. Explain with the help of a diagram, how we are able to observe the sunrise about two minutes before the sun gets above the horizon. Hence, explain why the apparent duration of a day from sunrise to sunset is 4 minutes more than its actual duration. [CBSE 2011, 2014, 2016]

Ans. The air becomes rarer as its height above the earth increases. Its refractive index decreases. A ray of light from the Sun when it enters the atmosphere at the horizon gets refracted from a rarer to a denser medium. The rays, therefore, gradually bend towards the normal and the Sun appears to be raised.

As a result, the Sun is visible to an observer nearly two minutes before the actual sunrise at the horizon. Similarly, even after the actual sunset, the Sun is seen by us for about 2 minutes. Thus, in effect the Sun is seen for 4 minutes more. It means that the apparent duration of the day (from sunrise to sunset) has increased by 4 minutes more than its actual duration.

 

Q.32. What is a pupil ? [CBSE 2005,2013,2015]

Ans. The pupil is a small circular transparent aperture whose size is controlled by iris.

 

Q.33. Name the condition resulting from the eye lens becoming cloudy. [CBSE 2012,2013,2015]

Ans. Cataract

 

Q.31. What is dispersion of light ? [CBSE 2012,2015]

Ans. Dispersion of light is the splitting of light into its component colors on passing through a dispersive medium e.g., a prism.

 

Q.32. List the factors on which scattering of light depends. [CBSE 2012,2015]

Ans. Scattering of light depends on the size of the scattering particle and the wavelength of light.

The Human Eye and Colorful World class 10 physics NCERT long question

Q.l. (a) Write the function of each of the following parts of the human eye :

(i) Cornea

(ii) Iris

(iii) Crystalline lens

(iv) Ciliary muscles.

(b) Why does the sun appear reddish early in the morning ? Will this phenomenon be observed by an astronaut on the Moon ? Give reason to justify your answer. [CBSE 2016, 2018, 2019]

Ans. (a) The function of given parts is stated below :

(i) Cornea is the outer bulged out th in transparent layer of eye and provides most o f the refraction for the light entering into the eye.

(ii) The iris controls the size of the pupil of the eye.

(iii) The crystalline lens provides the finer adjustment of focal length required so as to focus objects situated at different distances in front of the eye on the retina.

(iv) The ciliary muscles help in controlling the curvature of the crystalline lens and thus can change the power of the crystalline lens.

(b) In the early morning, the Sun is situated near the horizon. Light from the Sun passes through thicker layers of air and covers a larger distance in the earth's atmosphere before reaching our eyes. While passing through atmosphere blue light is mostly scattered away and the Sun appear reddish as shown in Fig.

The phenomenon is not observed by an observer on the Moon because the Moon has no atmosphere of its own and hence no scattering of light is possible.

 

Q 2. (a) What is meant by the term power of accommodation? Name the component of the eye that is responsible for the power of accommodation.

(b) A student sitting at the back bench in a class has difficulty in reading. What could be his defect of vision? Draw a ray diagram to illustrate the image formation of the blackboard when he is seated at the (i) back seat (ii) front seat. State two possible causes of this defect. Explain the method of correcting this defect with the help of a ray diagram. [CBSE 2018]

Ans. (a) Power of accommodation: The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length to form a sharp image of the object at varying distances on the retina is called power of accommodation. Ciliary muscles of the eye are responsible for changing the focal length of the eye lens.

(b) 

• Student is suffering from myopia or shortsightedness or nearsightedness.

• When a student is seated in the back seat,

In this case the student is suffering from myopia and has a short focal length of the eye lens.

(ii) When a student is seated in the front seat.

 

Causes:

(i) Excessive curvature of eye lens

(ii) Elongation of the eyeball.

The defect is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power placed in front of the eye as shown below. It diverges the rays and forms a virtual image of a distant object at a far point of the myopic eye. These diverged rays enter into the eye and form the image on the retina. Thus, the concave lens shifts the image back onto the retina instead o f in front o f it and the defect is corrected.

 

Q 3. (a) What is presbyopia? State its cause. How is it corrected?

(b) Why does the sun appear reddish early in the morning? Explain with the help of a labeled diagram. [CBSE 2018C)

Ans:  (a) (i) Presbyopia 

• Presbyopia is a condition that occurs as a part of normal aging.
  Due to loss of power of accommodation of the eye, with age, objects at a normal near working distance will appear blurry. The near point gradually recedes away. This defect of the eye is called Presbyopia. 

• Sometimes, a person may suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia. 

(ii) Presbyopia is caused due to

• weakening of ciliary muscles, and 

• 

  the eye lens becomes less flexible and elastic, i.e. reducing the ability of the eye lens to change its curvature with the help of ciliary muscles. 

(iii) Bifocal lens will be required to see clearly nearby as well as the distant object. For myopic defect, the upper part of the bifocal lens consists of a concave lens used for distant vision and to correct hypermetropia, the lower part of the bifocal lens consists of a convex lens. It facilitates near vision.

(b) At the time of sunrise/sunset, the sun is near the horizon, so the sunrays have to travel through a larger atmospheric distance. The fine particles of the atmosphere scatter away the blue component and other shorter wavelengths of the sunlight. As λb < λr, only red color having a longer wavelength and least scattered, reaches our eyes. Hence, the sun appears red at sunrise or sunset.

 

Q 4. (a) What is the dispersion of white light? State its cause.

(b) “Rainbow is an example of dispersion of sunlight” Justify this statement by explaining, with the help of a labeled diagram, the formation of a rainbow in the sky. List two essential conditions for observing a rainbow. [Foreign 2016]

Ans:

(a) Dispersion: The splitting up of white light into its component colors is called dispersion.

Cause of dispersion: From Snell's law of refraction, the angle of refraction of light in a prism depends on the refractive index of the prism material. Moreover, the refractive index of the material varies with the speed of light. The different constituent colors of white light have different speeds in the transparent material of the prism. Hence for each color/wavelength, the refractive index of the prism material is different. Therefore, each color bends (refracted) through different angles with respect to incident ray, as they pass through the prism. The red color has maximum speed in glass prism, so it is least deviated, while the violet color has minimum speed so its deviation is maximum. Thus, the ray of each color emerges along different paths and becomes distinct.

(b) Rainbow: It is an optical natural spectrum, produced by nature in the sky, in the form of a multicolored arc. The rainbow is formed due to the dispersion of sunlight by water droplets suspended in the atmosphere after rainfall. These water droplets act like small prisms. The Sunlight enters the water droplets. At the point of incidence, it refracts and disperses then gets reflected internally and finally refracts again at the point of emergence as it comes out of the rain-drop.

 

Therefore, due to refraction, dispersion and internal reflection of the sunlight, different colors reach the observer’s eye along different paths and become distinct. It creates a rainbow in the sky.

Hence “Rainbow is an example of dispersion of sunlight.”

Necessary conditions for the formation of a rainbow.

(i) The presence of water droplets in the atmosphere, and

(ii) The sun must be at the back of the observer, i.e. the observer must stand with his back towards the sun.

 

Q 5. What is atmospheric refraction? Use this phenomenon to explain the following natural events.

(a) Twinkling of stars [AI2012, Delhi 2011, 2012]

(b) Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset. [Delhi 2014, Foreign 2012, 2015]

Draw diagrams to illustrate your answers. [AI 2016]

Ans: Atmospheric Refraction: The refraction of light caused by the earth’s atmosphere due to gradual change in the refractive indices of its different layers by the varying conditions of it, is called atmospheric refraction.

(a) Twinkling of stars 

The hot layers (low densities) of air at a high altitude, behave as an optically rarer medium for the light rays, whereas the cold dense layers (high densities) of air near the earth’s surface, behave as an optically denser medium for the light rays. So, when the light rays (starlight) pass through the various layers of the atmosphere, they will get deviated and bent toward the normal. As a result, the apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position. Thus, the stars appear slightly higher (above) than their actual positions in the sky.

The fluctuation in the positions of the stars occurs continuously due to the changing amount of light entering the eye. The stars sometimes appear brighter and at some other times, they appear fainter. This causes the twinkling of stars.

(b) Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset The sun is visible 2 minutes before sunrise and 2 minutes after sunset because of atmospheric refraction. This can be explained as below.

 

The figure shows the actual position of the sun S at the time of sunrise or sunset, just below the horizon while the apparent position S) above the horizon appears to us.

When the sun is slightly below the horizon, the light rays move through the different layers of varying refractive indices of air and get bent towards the normal. These rays appear to come from S) which is the apparent position of the sun. That is why, the sun is visible to us when it has - been actually below the horizon or before the actual crossing of the horizon by the sun at the time of sunrise or sunset. So, due to the atmospheric refraction, the phenomenon of advanced sunrise and delayed sunset is observed.

Q 6. What is myopia? List two causes for the development of this defect. How can this defect be corrected using a iens? Draw ray diagrams to show the image formation in case of (i) defective eye and (ii) corrected eye. [Foreign 2014]

OR

A student is unable to see clearly the words written on the blackboard placed at a distance of approximately 4 m from him. Name the defect of vision the boy is suffering from. Explain the method of correcting this defect. Draw ray diagram for the:

(i) defect of vision and also

(ii) for its correction. [Delhi 2015]

OR 

What is myopia? State the two causes of myopia.

With the help of a labeled ray diagram show (a) eye defect (b) correction of myopia.   [DoE]

Ans: Myopia or Short-sightedness or Nearsightedness: The defect of vision is due to which an eye cannot see distant objects distinctly but can see nearby objects clearly. This defect of the eye is called myopia.

Short-sightedness is caused due to 

(i) excessive curvature of the eye lens or

(ii) elongation of the eyeball.

The image in this case, forms in front of the retina, so the distant object looks blurred. For every myopic eye, there exists a far point beyond which a clear image cannot be seen. When the object lies at the far point, the image formed is focussed on the retina by the eye lens and therefore the object is clearly visible to us.

 

 

The far point (F) of a myopic eye is less than infinity: Image is formed on the retina

The short-sightedness is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power placed in front of the eye. It diverges the rays and forms a virtual image of a distant object at a far point of the myopic eye. These diverged rays enter into the eye and form the image on the retina. Thus, the concave lens shifts the image back onto the retina instead of in front of it and the defect is corrected.

Ray diagrams to show the image formation in case of:

(i) Defective eye In a myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina (and not on the retina).

A concave lens is placed in front of the eye which forms a virtual image of a distant object at far point (F) of the myopic eye.