A abampere (aA) The unit of electric current in the CGSeniu system, defined as that current that, if flowing through two parallel conductors of negligible cross section and infinite length, placed 1 cm apart in vacuo, would produce on each conductor a force of 1 dyne per centimeter of length. 1 abampere = 1 abcoulomb/s = r statampere (where c = speed of light in cm/s) = 10 ampere. aberration Imperfect image formation due to geometric imperfections in the optical elements of a system ablation 1 . The wasting of glacier ice by any process (calving, melting, evaporation, etc.). 2. The shedding of molten material from the outer sur- face of a meteorite or tektite during its flight through the atmosphere. absolute age The age of a natural substance, of a fossil or living organism, or of an artifact, obtained by means of an absolute dating method. See absolute dating method. absolute density Density in kg/m' or, more commonly, in g/cm\ both at STP. Cf. density, relative density abso
Improvements in Food Resources class 9 biology MCQ & SAQ
Improvements in Food Resources class 9 biology NCERT SOLUTION:
1. What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables?
Answer
→ Cereals provide us with carbohydrates. Also, they are a rich source of energy.
→ Pulses give us proteins.
→ Fruits and vegetables are a rich source of vitamins and minerals. A small amount of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are also present in them.
Page No: 205
1. How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production?
Answer
Biotic factors such as pests, insects and diseases reduce the crop production. A pest causes damage to our crops by feeding. Weeds also reduce crop productivity by competing with the main crop for nutrients and light.
Similarly, abiotic factors such as temperature, wind, rain etc. affect the net crop production. For example droughts and floods have a great impact on crops sometimes, destroying the entire crop.
2. What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements?
Answer
The desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements are:
→ Tallness and profuse branching in any fodder crop.
→ Dwarfness in cereals.
Page No: 206
1. What are macronutrients and why are they called macronutrients?
Answer
Macro-nutrients are those nutrients which are required in large quantities for growth and development of plants. Since they are required in large quantities, they are known as macro-nutrients. The six macronutrients required by plants are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
2. How do plants get nutrients?
Answer
Plants get nutrients from air, water, and soil. Soil is the major source of nutrients. Thirteen of these nutrients are available from soil. The remaining three nutrients (carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) are obtained from air and water.
Page No: 207
1. Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility.
Answer
Manures increase soil fertility by enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients as it is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant wastes. On the other hand, fertilizers are mostly inorganic compounds whose excessive use is harmful to the symbiotic microorganisms living in soil. Their excessive use also reduces soil fertility. Hence, fertilizers are considered good for only short term use.
Page No: 208
1. Which of the following conditions will give the most benefits? Why?
(a) Farmers use high-quality seeds, do not adopt irrigation or use fertilizers.
(b) Farmers use ordinary seeds, adopt irrigation and use fertilizer.
(c) Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation, use fertilizer and use crop protection measures.
Answer
(c)Farmers using good quality seeds, adopting irrigation, using fertilizers, and using crop protection measures will derive most benefits.
→ The use of good quality seeds increases the total crop production. If a farmer is using good quality seeds, then a majority of the seeds will germinate properly, and will grow into a healthy plant.
→ Proper irrigation methods improve the water availability to crops.
→ Fertilizers ensure healthy growth and development in plants by providing the essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.
→ Crop protection measures include various methods to control weeds, pests, and infectious agents. If all these necessary measures are taken by a farmer, then the overall production of crops will increase.
Page No: 209
1. Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops?
Answer
Preventive measures and biological control methods should be preferred for protecting crops because excessive use of chemicals leads to environmental problems. Biological methods cause harm neither to crop nor to the environment.
2. What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage?
Answer
Factors causing loss of grains during storage:
→ Biotic Factors: Insects, rodents, fungi and bacteria etc.
→ Abiotic Factors: Moisture Content and Temperature etc.
Page No: 210
1. Which method is commonly used for improving cattle breeds and why?
Answer
Cross Breeding is commonly used for improving cattle breeds.Cross breeding between two good varieties of cattle will produce a new improved variety. For example, the cross between foreign breeds such as Jersey Brown, Swiss and Indian breeds such as Red Sindhi, Sahiwal produces a new variety having qualities of both breeds.
Page No: 211
1. Discuss the implications of the following statement:
"It is interesting to note that poultry is India's most efficient converter of low fiber food stuff (which is unfit for human consumption) into highly nutritious animal protein food."
Answer
Poultry in India is the most efficient converter of low fiber food stuff into highly nutritious animal protein food. In poultry farming, domestic fowls are raised to produce eggs and chicken. For this, the fowls are given animal feed in the form of roughage, which mainly consists of fibers. Thus, by feeding animals a fiber rich diet, the poultry gives highly nutritious food in the form of eggs and chicken.
1. What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?
Answer
Common management practices in dairy and poultry farming are:
→ Proper shelter facilities and their regular cleaning.
→ Some basic hygienic conditions such as clean water, nutritious food, etc.
→ Animals are kept in spacious, airy, and ventilated places.
→ Prevention and cure of diseases at the right time is ensured.
2. What are the differences between broilers and layers and in their management?
Answer
Layers are meant for egg production, whereas broilers are meant for poultry meat. Nutritional, environmental, and housing conditions required by broilers are different from those required by egg layers. A broiler chicken, for their proper growth, requires vitamin rich supplements especially vitamin A and K. Also, their diet includes protein rich food and enough fat. They also require extra care and maintenance to increase their survival rate in comparison to egg layers.
Page No: 213
1. How are fish obtained?
Answer
Fish can be obtained by two ways:
→ Capture fishing: It is the process of obtaining fish from natural resources.
→ Culture fishery: It is the practice of farming fishes. Farming can be done in both freshwater ecosystems (which includes river water, pond water) and marine ecosystems.
2. What are the desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production?
Answer
Bee varieties having the following desirable characters are suitable for honey production:
→They should yield a high quantity of honey.
→ They should not sting much.
→ They should stay in the beehive for long durations.
→ They should breed very well.
1. What are the advantages of composite fish culture?
Answer
The advantages of composite fish culture are: → Fish can be grown in crop fields, especially paddy.
→ Intensive Fish farming is possible because plenty of water is available during crop seasons.
→ In this system both local and imported fish species can be cultivated.
2. What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?
Answer
Pasturage is the availability of flowers from which bees collect nectar and pollen. It is related to the production of honey as it determines the taste and quantity of honey.
Page No: 214
Exercise
1. Explain any one method of crop production which ensures high yield.
Answer
Inter cropping is a method of crop production which ensures high yield. It is a practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously. in the same field in rows. In intercropping definite row patterns are followed such as one row of main crop is followed by two rows of intercrop.
In intercropping there is greater utilization of the interspaced area, light, nutrients, water and air. As a result productivity per unit area increased.
2. Why are manures and fertilizers used in fields?
Answer
Manures and fertilizers are used in fields to enrich the soil with the required nutrients. Manure helps in enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients. This improves the fertility and structure of the soil. On the other hand, fertilizers ensure a healthy growth and development in plants. They are a good source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To get an optimum yield, it is instructed to use a balanced combination of manures and fertilizers in the soil.
3. What are the advantages of intercropping and crop rotation?
Answer
Intercropping and crop rotation both are used to get maximum benefit on limited land. Inter-cropping helps in preventing pests and diseases from spreading throughout the field. It also increases soil fertility, whereas crop rotation prevents soil depletion, increases soil fertility, and reduces soil erosion. Both these methods reduce the need for fertilizers. It also helps in controlling weeds and controls the growth of pathogens and pests in crops.
4. What is genetic manipulation? How is it useful in agricultural practices?
Answer
Genetic manipulation is a process where the gene for a particular character is introduced inside the chromosome of a cell. When the gene for a particular character is introduced in a plant cell, a transgenic plant is produced. These transgenic plants exhibit characters governed by the newly introduced gene.
Genetic manipulation is useful in developing varieties with Higher yield, Good Quality, Biotic and Abiotic resistance, short maturity period, wider adaptability and desirable agronomic characteristics
5. How do storage grain losses occur?
Answer
There are various biotic and abiotic factors that act on stored grains and result in degradation, poor germinability, discolouration, etc.
Biotic factors include insects or pests that cause direct damage by feeding on seeds. They also deteriorate and contaminate the grain, making it unfit for further consumption.
Abiotic factors such as temperature, light, moisture, etc., also affect the seed. They decrease the germinating ability of the seeds and make them unfit for future use by farmers. Unpredictable occurrence of natural calamities such as droughts and floods also causes destruction of crops.
6. How do good animal husbandry practices benefit farmers?
Answer
Cattle farming is one of the methods of animal husbandry that is most beneficial for farmers. Using this method, better breeds of draught animals can be produced. Such draught animals are engaged in agricultural fields for labor work such as carting, irrigation, tilling, etc.
7. What are the benefits of cattle farming?
Answer
Benefits of cattle farming:
→ Good quality and quantity of milk can be produced.
→ Drought labor animals can be produced for agricultural work.
→ New varieties that are resistant to diseases can be produced by crossing two varieties with the desired traits.
8. For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee-keeping?
Answer
The common factor for increasing production in poultry, fisheries, and bee keeping is the proper management techniques that are to be followed. Regular cleaning of farms is of utmost importance. Maintenance of temperature and prevention and cure of diseases is also required to increase the number of animals.
9. How do you differentiate between capture fishing, agriculture and aquaculture?
Answer
→ Capture fishing the method of obtaining fishes from natural resources
→ Mariculture is the culture of marine fishes for commercial use.
→ Aquaculture involves the production of aquatic animals that are of high economic value such as prawns, lobsters, fishes, crabs, etc.
Improvements in Food Resources class 9 biology MCQ
Question: Rohu and catla are types of
a) Freshwater fish
b) Marine water fish
c) Both Freshwater fish and Marine water fish
d) None of the options
Answer: Freshwater fish
Question: Leghorn is related to
a) Poultry
b) Apiculture
c) Dairy farming
d) Pisciculture
Answer: Poultry
Question: What is the process of growing two or more crops in a definite pattern?
a) Inter-cropping
b) Crop rotation
c) Mixed cropping
d) Organic cropping
Answer: Inter-cropping
Question: Pasturage is related to
a) Apiculture
b) Cattle
c) Fishery
d) Sericulture
Answer: Apiculture
Question: The management and production of fish is called
a) Pisciculture
b) Apiculture
c) Sericulture
d) Aquaculture
Answer: Pisciculture
Question: What is the other name for Apis cerana indica?
a) Indian bee
b) Indian cow
c) Indian buffalo
d) None of the options
Answer: Indian bee
Question: Mullets, prawns, mussels are examples of
a) Marine fishes
b) Fresh-water fishes
c) Finned fishes
d) Shellfish
Answer: Marine fishes
Question: Cyperinus and Parthenium are types of
a) Weeds
b) Diseases
c) Pesticides
d) Pathogens
Answer: Weeds
Question: Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are examples of
a) Macronutrients
b) Micro-nutrients
c) Fertilizers
d) Both Micro-nutrients and Fertilizers
Answer: Macronutrients
Question: Using fertilizers in farming is an example of
a) High cost production
b) No cost production
c) None of the options
d) Low cost production
Answer: High cost production
Question. Which one is an oil yielding plant among the following?
(a) Lentil
(b) Sunflower
(c) Cauliflower
(d) Hibiscus
Answer : B
Question. Quality of honey bees depends on……………
(a) Pasturage
(b) Flowers availability
(c) Pollen collection
(d) All of them
Answer : D
Question. To enhance fish seed quality now worked on breeding these fish in ponds using ……………..
(a) Hormonal modification
(b) Gene transfer
(c) Hormonal stimulation
(d) Gene abbreviation
Answer : C
Question. Main sugar present in the honey is :-
(a) Maltose
(b) Levulose
(c) Dextrose
(d) Ribose
Answer : B
Question. Vitamin A and K is rich in…………..
(a) Rice crop
(b) Poultry feed
(c) Parasites
(d) Manure
Answer : B
Question. The energy currency of a cell is –
(a) ADP
(b) AMP
(c) ATP
(d) CTP
Answer: C
Question. It is not micronutrient present in soil
(a) Iron
(b) Manganese
(c) Chlorine
(d) Nitrogen
Answer: D
Question. There are numerous exotic breeds of poultry which have been successfully acclimatized in India. One of the most popular exotic breeds of fowl in India, which produces long white eggs, has a very small body size, so needs less feed for its maintenance. Choose the right name for the breed with all these characteristics.
(a) Rhode Island Red
(b) White Leghorn
(c) Light Sussex
(d) Black Minorca
Answer: B
Question. Most of the human neurons are
(a) multipolar
(b) bipolar
(c) unipolar
(d) pseudo-unipolar
Answer: A
Question. Rice, maize, sorghum, provides us ………………… for energy requirement
(a) Proteins
(b) Carbohydrates
(c) Vitamins
(d) Amino acids
Answer: B
Question. Preventive and control measures adopted for the storage of grains include
(a) strict cleaning
(b) proper disjoining
(c) fumigation
(d) all of the above
Answer : D
Question …………………… occurs because of scarcity or irregular distribution of rains
(a) Cyclone
(b) Earthquake
(c) Droughts
(d) Tsunami
Answer : C
Question. Root hair absorbs water from soil through –
(a) Osmosis
(b) Active transport
(c) Diffusion
(d) Endocytosis
Answer : A
Question. Weeds affect the crop plants by
(a) killing of plants in field before they grow
(b) dominating the plants to grow
(c) competing for various resources of crops (plants) causing low availability of nutrients
(d) all of the above.
Answer : C
Question. Find out the wrong statement among the following:
(a) White revolution is meant for increase in milk production
(b) Blue revolution is meant for increase in fish production
(c) Increasing food production without compromising with environment quality is called as sustainable agriculture
(d) None of these
Answer: D
Question. Leghorn is an exotic breed of:
(a) Marine prawn
(b) Milch animal
(c) Poultry
(d) Drought animal
Answer : C
Question. Poultry fowl are susceptible to the following pathogens
(a) Viruses
(b) Bacteria
(c) Fungi
(d) All of the above
Answer : D
Question. Weeds are the unwanted plants that grow along with the cultivated plants. How do they affect the crop plants?
(a) By killing plants in the field before they grow
(b) By dominating the plants to grow
(c) Competing for various resources of plants causing low availability of nutrients
(d) All of above
Answer: C
Question. It is not way to improve crop
(a) by incorporation of gene
(b) inter varietal
(c) inter specific
(d) interchangeable fertilizers
Answer: D
Question. Which of the following species is an Indian cow?
(a) Bos domestica
(b) Bos indicus
(c) Bos vulgaris
(d) Bos bubalis
Answer: B
Question. We get proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins from…………
(a) DNA
(b) RNA
(c) Food
(d) Water
Answer: C
Question. It is does not the way to attack pest on crop
(a) They cut root, stem, leaf
(b) Suck the cell sap
(c) They bore into stem and fruits
(d) None of them
Answer: D
Question. It is not finned fish
(a) Mullets
(b) Bhetki
(c) Prawns
(d) Rohu
Answer: D
Question. Ribosomes are the center for –
(a) Respiration
(b) Photosynthesis
(c) Protein synthesis
(d) Fat synthesis
Answer: C
1. Weeds are the unwanted plants that grow along with the cultivated plants. How do they affect the crop plants?
(a) By killing plants in the field before they grow
(b) By dominating the plants to grow
(c) Competing for various resources of plants causing low availability of nutrients
(d) All of above
► (c) Competing for various resources of plants causing low availability of nutrients
2. Main sugar present in the honey is :-
(a) Maltose
(b) Levulose
(c) Dextrose
(d) Ribose
► (b) Levulose
3. Red cell count is carried out by
(a) haemocytometer
(b) haemoglobinometer
(c) sphygmomanometer
(d) electrocardiogram
► (a) haemocytometer
4. Which of the following is a weed?
(a) Sudan grass
(b) Cowpea
(c) Parthenium
(d) Linseed
► (c) Parthenium
5. Green manure refers to
(a) the organic manure prepared by green worms
(b) the manure used by small green plants
(c) the plants grown and mulched by plowing before sowing the crop
(d) the organic manure added to soil before plowing and sowing
► (c) the plants grown and mulched by plowing before sowing the crop
6. Broilers are maintained for getting :-
(a) Milk
(b) Egg
(c) Meat
(d) Leather
► (c) Meat
7. Most of the human neurons are
(a) multipolar
(b) bipolar
(c) unipolar
(d) pseudo-unipolar
► (a) multipolar
8. Lysosomes are the reservoirs of
(a) Fat
(b) RNA
(c) Secretory glycoproteins
(d) Hydrolytic enzymes
► (d) Hydrolytic enzymes
9. Tick the viral disease of cattle:
(a) Foot and mouth disease
(b) Anthrax
(c) Aspergillosis
(d) T.B.
► (a) Foot and mouth disease
10. Which of the following nutrients are absorbed by plants in large quantities from soil?
(a) Manganese
(b) Iron
(c) Zinc
(d) Sulfur
► (d) Sulfur
11. Leghorn is an exotic breed of:
(a) Marine prawn
(b) Milch animal
(c) Poultry
(d) Drought animal
► (c) Poultry
12. Double membrane is absent in –
(a) Mitochondrion
(b) Chloroplast
(c) Nucleus
(d) Lysosome
► (d) Lysosome
13. Plants can be made disease-resistant by
(a) hybridisation
(b) genetic modification
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) use of antibiotics
► (a) hybridisation
14. Which of the following is not considered as a primary nutrient for plants?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Phosphorus
(d) Potassium
► (a) Oxygen
15. Cattle feed should contain :-
(a) Concentrate
(b) Roughage
(c) Both
(d) None of these
► (c) Both
16. Striated muscles are found in
(a) gallbladder
(b) wall of bronchi
(c) leg muscles
(d) lungs
► (c) leg muscles
17. Which of the following species is an Indian cow?
(a) Bos domestica
(b) Bos indicus
(c) Bos vulgaris
(d) Bos bubalis
► (b) Bos indicus
18. The membrane surrounding the vacuole of a plant cell is called
(a) Tonoplast
(b) Plasma membrane
(c) Nuclear membrane
(d) Cell wall
► (a) Tonoplast
19. Why are honeybees so important ?
(a) They are excellent pollinators
(b) They show a high degree of social life
(c) They have a stinger
(d) They produce beeswax
► (a) They are excellent pollinators
20. Which organelle releases oxygen?
(a) Ribosome
(b) Golgi apparatus
(c) Mitochondria
(d) Chloroplast
► (d) Chloroplast
21. Sometimes fish are cultured with:
(a) Maize crop
(b) Rice crop
(c) Wheat crop
(d) Pulses
► (b) Rice crop
22. Ribosomes are the center for –
(a) Respiration
(b) Photosynthesis
(c) Protein synthesis
(d) Fat synthesis
► (c) Protein synthesis
23. Percentage of proteins in the fish meal is :-
(a) 15 - 20%
(b) 25 - 50%
(c) 40 - 50%
(d) 55 - 70%
► (d) 55 - 70%
24. Catla and Rohu are the examples of :-
(a) Exotic freshwater fishes
(b) Indigrenous freshwater fishes
(c) Indigenous marine water fishes
(d) Exotic marine water fishes
► (b) Indigrenous freshwater fishes
25. Practice of culturing marine fish is known as:
(a) Sericulture
(b) Aquaculture
(c) Pisciculture
(d) Mariculture
► (d) Mariculture
26. Chickens or turkeys raised specifically for meat are called:
(a) Bird Culture
(b) Pullets
(c) Broilers
(d) Hybrids
► (c) Broilers
27. The energy currency of a cell is –
(a) ADP
(b) AMP
(c) ATP
(d) CTP
► (c) ATP
28. The production of useful aquatic plants and animals like prawns, fish, lobsters, crabs, molluscs, etc. using various types of water resources is called
(a) aquaculture
(b) pisciculture
(c) silviculture
(d) silver revolution
► (a) aquaculture
29. The cell organelle associated with cell secretion is
(a) Plastids
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Golgi apparatus
(d) Nucleolus
► (c) Golgi apparatus
30. Which of the following combinations of crops will give maximum yield in mixed cropping?
(a) Wheat + peanut
(b) Oat + Rice
(c) Wheat + maize
(d) Wheat + millet
► (a) Wheat + peanut
31. Which of the following is cultured for pearls?
(a) Bhetki
(b) Prawns
(c) Mullets
(d) Oysters
► (d) Oysters
32. Among the following, which is the major cause of crop failure in India?
(a) Monsoon failure
(b) Inadequate supply of fertilizers and manures
(c) Pest attack
(d) Soil conditions
► (a) Monsoon failure
33. Root hair absorbs water from soil through –
(a) Osmosis
(b) Active transport
(c) Diffusion
(d) Endocytosis
► (a) Osmosis
34. Which one of the following is a milch breed of cow ?
(a) Nageri
(b) Malvi
(c) Gir
(d) Hallikar
► (c) Gir
35. Plants providing nectar and pollens to the honey bee collectively called :-
(a) Swarm
(b) Bee fauna
(c) Apiary
(d) Pasturage
► (d) Pasturage
36. Arrange the following animal food products which contain more fats, more proteins and least fat (among them) and choose the set that contains the right option in the above said orde
(a) Fish, egg, meat
(b) Meat, milk, egg
(c) Milk, meat, fish
(d) Egg, meat, fish
► (d) Egg, meat, fish
37. Which is a desirable characteristic in poultry?
(a) Reduced quality of chicken
(b) Low tolerance to high temperature
(c) Low maintenance requirements
(d) Large size of the egg laying bird
► (c) Low maintenance requirements
38. Which one of the following is a true fish :-
(a) Fin fish
(b) Jellyfish
(c) Star fish
(d) Shellfish
► (a) Fin fish
Improvements in Food Resources class 9 biology SAQ
Q1. Name any two fodder crops.
Ans. Berseem, oats or sudan grass are raised as food for the livestock, called fodder crops.
Q2. What do you understand about the photoperiod of sunlight?
Ans. Photoperiods are related to the duration of sunlight required for plant growth.
Q3. Name two kharif crops.
Ans. Paddy and soybean.
Q4. Name two rabi crops.
Ans. Wheat and gram.
Q5. Define hybridisation.
Ans. Hybridisation refers to crossing between genetically dissimilar plants, to obtain a better variety of crops.
Q6. What are genetically modified crops?
Ans. By introducing a gene with required characters into a crop for its improvement is called a genetically modified crop.
Q7. “Shorter the duration of the crop from sowing to harvesting, the more economical the variety is”. Give a reason for this.
Ans. Due to the short duration of crop growth, farmers can grow more crops in a year, and reduce the cost of crop production.
Q8. Name different types of crop production practices involved in India.
Ans. They are (a) no cost production, (b) low cost production and (c) high cost production.
Q9. Who provides nutrients to plants?
Ans. Nutrients to plants are provided by air, water and soil.
Q10. What are macronutrients?
Ans. The nutrients required by plants in larger quantities are called macronutrients. They are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur.
Q11. Name the nutrients that plants obtain from air and water.
Ans. Air — Carbon and oxygen Water — Hydrogen and oxygen
Q12. State the difference between compost and vermi-compost.
Ans. The compost is obtained by decomposition of organic waste like animal excreta, plant waste etc. naturally due to decomposition by bacteria.
Vermi-compost: To hasten the process of decomposition redworms are added to this organic matter to obtain compost.
Q13. Name any two weeds.
Ans. Parthenium and Xanthium.
Q14. What causes disease in plants?
Ans. It is caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Q15. Name two Indian cattle.
Ans. Bos indicus – cows Bos bubalis – buffaloes
Q16. Name two exotic breeds of cattle.
Ans. Jersey and Brown Swiss
Q17. Name two varieties of food required for milch animals.
Ans. (a) Maintenance requirement – food required to keep animal healthy
(b) Milk producing requirement – food required for increased lactation Animal food includes roughage and concentrate also.
Q18. State the meaning of capture fishing and culture fishing.
Ans. Capture fishing: It is done from natural resources.
Culture fishing: It is done by fish farming.
Q19. Name four marine fish varieties.
Ans. Pomfret, mackerel, tuna and sardines.
Q20. What is apiculture?
Ans. Keeping bees for obtaining honey commercially is called apiculture.
Q21. Name the products obtained from apiculture.
Ans. Honey and wax both are obtained from apiculture.
Q22. Explain why organisms need food?
Ans. All living organisms need food to sustain and maintain their life processes.
Q23. What are the contents provided by food?
Ans. Food is the source of energy for all living non-producers. It has contents like carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Q24. Do you know what are the major sources of food?
Ans. The major sources of food are food grains, pulses, vegetables, fruits and other animal products.
Q25. Name the organism used in the preparation of vermicomposting.
Ans. The red worms are used for vermicomposting.
Q26. Name the chemicals required for the growth of plants.
Ans. Plants need chemicals like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Q27. What is the role of fertilizers in crop production?
Ans. The fertilizers are important chemicals which are used as supplements for the plants to fulfill the requirements for proper growth and production of food grains and pulses.
Q28. It is advised to use the fertilizers in a limited amount. Why?
Ans. The extra use of fertilizers are not absorbed by the plants and remain in the soil, which later flows with the rain water and thereby causes soil and water pollution.
What are the major groups of activities involved for improving crop yields?
Answer:
Crop variety improvement
Crop production improvement
Crop protection improvement
What are the different ways/ methods of hybridisation?
Answer: Hybridisation can be
Intervarietal – between different varieties of crops
Interspecific – between two species of same genus
Intergeneric – between two different genera
What are the main characters required in a crop during its improvement practices?
Answer: The useful characters that are required in a crop during its improvement:
(a) Disease resistance (b) Response to fertilizer
(c) Product quality and (d) High yield.
State the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients.
Answer:
How do deficiency of nutrients affect the crop?
Answer: Deficiency of any nutrient affects physiological processes in plants including reproduction, growth and susceptibility to diseases.
State the difference between manure and fertilizer.
Answer:
What are the harmful effects of fertilizer? .
Answer. It causes soil and water pollution. Continuous use can also destroy soil fertility.
What is organic farming?
Answer: It is the farming in which no chemical fertilizers, pesticides or herbicides are used. But uses all organic matter for its growth like manure, neem leaves as pesticides and for grain storage.
State the preventive and control measures used before grains are stored.
Answer:
Cleaning of the grains
Proper drying of the produce in sunlight, there should be no moisture.
Fumigation of produce using chemicals that kill pests.
Name a few varieties of bees used for commercial honey production.
Answer:
Apis cerana indica – Indian bee
A. dorsata – rock bee (local varieties)
A. florae – the little bee
A. mellifera – Italian bee variety
What decides the quantity and quality of honey production in the apiary?
Answer: For quality of honey: The pasturage, f.e., the kind of flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen collection will determine the taste of the honey. For quantity of honey: Variety of bees used for the collection of honey. For example, A. mellifera is used to increase the yield of honey.
How are crops useful to us? What do they provide?
Answer: Crops provide us food for our daily body nutrients. Carbohydrate for energy
requirement – Cereals such as wheat, rice, maize.
Protein for body building — Pulses like gram, lentil
Fats for energy — Oil seed like mustard, sunflower
Vitamins and minerals — From vegetables, spices and fruits
Fodder crops — For livestocks
What are the factors for which variety improvement of crops is done?
Answer:
(a) Higher yield: It increases production of crops.
(b) Biotic and abiotic resistance: Crop should be resistant to biotic factors
like diseases, insects, pests and abiotic factors like drought, salinity, heat, cold, frost and water logging.
(c) Change in maturity duration: Short-duration maturity allows farmers to grow more crops in a year and reduces the cost of crop production.
(d) Wider adaptability: Crop Should be able to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
(e) Desirable agronomic characteristics: The tallness and dwarfness of crops. Dwarfness is required for cereals, so that less nutrients are consumed.
Name the sources and the nutrients supplied by them to the plants.
Answer:
How do insect pests attack the plant and affect it?
Answer: Insect pests attack the plants in three ways:
They cut the root, stem and leaf.
They suck the cell sap from various parts of the plant.
They bore into stem and fruits.
This way they affect the health of the crop and reduce yield.
State the difference between egg-layers and broilers.
Answer:
I
Improvements in Food Resources class 9 biology long question:
What are manures? Give its classification.
Answer: Manures contain large quantities of organic matter and supply small quantities of nutrients to the soil. It is prepared naturally by the decomposition of animal waste, excreta and plant waste.
It helps in the soil enrichment with nutrients.
It helps in improving the soil structure.
It helps in increasing the water holding capacity in sandy soils.
In clayey soils it helps in the water drainage and prevents water logging. Manure is classified based on the kind of biological material used to make it as : (i) Compost (ii) Vermi-compost (iitj Green manure
(i) Compost: The farm waste and livestock excreta, along with vegetable waste, sewage waste, weeds, straws etc. are allowed to decompose in a pit called compost. The compost is rich in nutrients.
(ii) Vermi-compost: When the above given matter is allowed to decompose in the pit along with some earthworms, the decomposition speeds up and is called vermi-composting.
(iii) Green manure: Some plants like sun-hemp or guar are grown and then mulched by plowing them into the soil. This is done before the sowing of crop seeds into the field.
These green plants present in the soil act as green manure which enriches the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.
What are fertilizers? Excess use of fertilizers is not advisable, explain?
Answer: Fertilizers are obtained artificially on a commercial basis. It is a chemical which contains the nutrients required for the crop to grow. Fertilizers supply various nutrients as they are nutrient specific e.g.-urea provides nitrogen. Mixed fertilizer provides any two mixtures of nutrients. They are expensive but their use yields large production hence are a factor of high cost farming.
Excessive use of fertilizers are not advisable as:
(a) It leads to soil and water pollution.
(b) It can destroy the fertility of soil. As the soil is not replenished, microorganisms in the soil are harmed by fertilizers.
What are the different patterns of cropping?
Or
What are the different cropping systems?
Answer: Different ways/patterns / systems of growing crops are:
(a) Mixed cropping (b) Inter-cropping (c) Crop rotation.
Mixed cropping: It is a method in which two or more crops grow simultaneously on the same piece of land.
Example, Wheat + grain, wheat + mustard or groundnut + sunflower.
This helps in the reduction of risk factor and provides insurance against failure of one of the crops.
Inter-cropping: It is a method of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern. A few rows of one crop alternate with a few rows of the second crop.
Example, soybean + maize or bajra + lobia
Crop rotation: The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre¬planned succession is known as crop rotation.
The availability of moisture and irrigation facility decides the choice of crop to be cultivated after one harvest.
Give different methods of weed control.
Answer: Weeds can be controlled by different methods:
(a) Weedicides: These are the chemicals sprayed on the weeds to kill them. Excessive use is poisonous and causes environmental pollution.
(b) Mechanical removal: In this method weeds are uprooted by removing manually or by machines.
(c) Preventive methods: Proper seedbed preparation, timely sowing of crops, intercropping and crop rotation helps in weed control.
What are the new variety/traits obtained by cross breeding of Indian and exotic breeds of poultry?
Answer: The new variety/traits obtained by cross breeding of Indian and exotic breeds of poultry are:
Number and quality of chicks
Dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production
Summer adaptation capacity/tolerance to high temperature
Low maintenance requirements
Reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with ability to utilize more fibrous and cheaper diet, formulated using agricultural by-products
What are the various methods of irrigation in India?
Answer: Most of agriculture in India is rain-fed, several different kinds of irrigation systems are adopted to supply water to agricultural lands. The resources are- wells, canals, rivers and tanks.
Wells: Dug wells and tube wells. In dug wells water is collected from water— bearing strata.
Tubewells: Can tap water from deeper strata.
Canals: Most extensive irrigation system. Canals receive water from reservoirs or rivers. The main canal is divided into branch canals having further distributaries to irrigate fields.
River lift system: Water is directly drawn from the river for supplementing irrigation in areas close to rivers.
Tanks: These are small storage reservoirs, which intercept and store the run-off of smaller catchment areas.
Large amounts of food grains get spoiled every year in India due to improper storage of food grains. How can this be avoided?
Answer: Food grains get spoiled by insects, fungi, rodents, bacteria, moisture, temperature in the place of storage.
Storage losses can be minimized by following preventive and control measures.
The seeds/grains that are to be stored should be dry, with no moisture in it.
The grains should be cleaned.
The grains should be fumigated using chemicals that kill pests.
The storage houses should be waterproof.
The grains should be stored in sealed gunny bags or metal containers,
The bags should be stacked in order i.e. in a pile for proper fumigation, and should be kept a few centimeters away from the wall.
The ventilators if any should be closed tightly, to avoid birds visiting the storage house and destroying the grains.
The walls and the floor should be water-proof with no holes in it, to avoid rodents and pests.
Explain different types of fisheries.
Answer: The different types of fisheries are marine fisheries, inland fisheries, capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculture.
Marine fisheries: Marine fishes are caught using fishing nets. Large schools of fish are located by satellites. Some are farmed in sea water.
Mariculture: Marine fishes are cultured in seawater. This culture of fisheries is called mariculture.
Inland fisheries: The fisheries done in fresh water resources like canals, ponds, reservoirs and rivers is called inland fisheries.
Capture fishing: It is done in sea-water, estuaries and lagoons.
Aquaculture: Culture of fish done in different water bodies is called aquaculture.
What are the practices used for the dairy industry?
Answer: The practices required for raising daily animals to get the optimum yield are:
(i) Shelter, (ii) feeding, (iii) rearing of animals, (iv) breeding.
(i) Shelter: The shelter should be clean, spacious and airy.
(ii) Feeding: Proper food is essential for dairy animals, two types of food are roughage and concentrates. Proper feed at proper time is required for dairy animals.
(iii) Rearing of animals: Providing them proper health care and protection from pathogens, diseases and proper vaccination.
(iv) Breeding: The crossing of different varieties of milch animals to obtain a breed that can produce more yield of milk.
A group of Eco Club students made a compost pit in the school, they collected all biodegradable waste from the school canteen and used it to prepare the compost.
(a) Name two wastes that can be used for the compost and two wastes obtained from the canteen which cannot be used for the compost making?
(b) What is the other important component required for making the compost?
(c) What values of Eco Club students are reflected in this act?
Answer:
(a) Two wastes used for compost are vegetable peels and fruit peels. Two waste materials that cannot be used as compost are polythene bags and plastic items.
(b) Bacteria and fungi present in soil are the other important component for making compost.
(c) Eco Club students reflect the value of group work and responsible citizens.
Surjeet read an article in the newspaper that prolonged and excess use of pesticides and fertilizers leads to cancer in human beings. He also saw the increased number of cancer patients in his town. He started educating the farmers in his town to minimize or stop the use of chemicals in farming and adopt organic farming.
(a) What is the most common pesticide used in our country?
(b) Give one difference between organic farming and chemical farming.
(c) What value of Surjeet is seen in the above act?
Answer:
(a) The common pesticide is DDT.
(b) Organic farming: It is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc.
Chemical farming: Generally, chemicals are used as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc. to increase crop yield.
(c) Surjeet showed the value of responsible person, leadership quality, initiative taker and a concerned citizen
Large number of Bhetki fish died and got crushed in the turbines of hydroelectric power stations while they migrated from river to sea. The environmentalist gave the power plant the solution to this problem. Now all Bhetki fish are removed with the help of special technique and hence do not enter the turbines to crush and die.
(a) What is pisciculture?
(b) Suggest two different varieties of fish.
(c) What value of environmentalism is reflected in the above case?
Answer:
(a) The rearing of fish on a large scale is called pisciculture.
(b) Two varieties of fish are bony and cartilaginous.
(c) Environmentalists showed the value of concerned and caring individuals.
A group of gardening club students prepared a kitchen garden in the school campus and did organic farming to grow the vegetables. Then the students presented their group work in the assembly to spread awareness and make students understand the importance of organic products.
(a) What is horticulture?
(b) What is green manure?
(c) State the values of gardening club students.
Answer:
(a) Production of vegetables and fruits commercially is called horticulture.
(b) The green plants like guar or sun hemp are turned into the soil which enriches the soil with nitrogen and phosphorus and is called green manure.
(c) Values of gardening club students are aware individuals and responsible behavior.
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