Working Of Institutions class 9 political science MCQ & SAQ

Working Of Institutions class 9 political science NCERT SOLUTION:

Question-1

If you are elected as the president of India, which of the following decisions can you take on your own?

(a) Select the person you like as Prime Minister.

(b) Dismiss a Prime Minister who has a majority in Lok Sabha.

(c) Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the Houses.

(d) Nominate the leaders of your choice to the Council of Ministers.

Solution:

(c) Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the Houses.

Question-2

Who among the following is a part of the political executive ?

(a) District Collector

(b) Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

(c) Home Minister

(d) Director General of Police

Solution:

(c) Home Minister.

Question-3

Which of the following statements about the judiciary is false ?

(a) Every law passed by the parliament needs approval of the Supreme Court.

(b) Judiciary can strike down a law if it goes against the spirit of the Constitution.

(c) Judiciary is independent of the Executive.

(d) Any citizen can approach the courts if her rights are violated.

Solution:

(a) Every law passed by the Parliament needs approval of the Supreme Court.

Question-4

Which of the following institutions can make changes to an existing law of the country?

(a) The Supreme Court

(b) The President

(c) The Prime Minister

(d) The Parliament

Solution:

(d) The Parliament

A parliament is a legislature. More specifically, “parliament” may refer only to a democratic government’s legislature. The term is derived from the French parliament, the action of parler a parliament is a discussion. The term came to mean a meeting at which such a discussion took place.It acquired its modern meaning as it came to be used for the body of people.who would meet to discuss matters of state.

Question-5

Match the ministry with the news that the ministry may have released.

(a) A new policy is being made to increase the jute exports from the country.	(i) Ministry of Defense
(b) Telephone services will be made more accessible to rural areas.	(ii) Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Public Distribution
(c) The price of rice and wheat sold under the Public Distribution System will go down.	(iii) Ministry of Health
(d) A pulse polio campaign will be launched.	(iv) Ministry of Commerce and Industry
(e) The allowances of the soldiers posted on high altitudes will be increased.	(v) Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.

Solution:

(a) A new policy is being made to increase the jute exports from the country.	(iv) Ministry of Commerce and Industry
(b) Telephone services will be made more accessible to rural areas.	(v) Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
(c) The price of rice and wheat sold under the public distribution system will go down.	(ii) Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Public Distribution
(d) A pulse polio campaign will be launched	(iii) Ministry of Health
(e) The allowances of soldiers posted on high altitudes will be increased	(i) Ministry of Defense

Question-6

Of all the institutions that we have studied in this chapter, name the one that exercises the powers on each of the following matters.

(a) Decision on allocation of money for developing infrastructure like roads, irrigation etc. and different welfare activities for the citizens.

(b) considers the recommendation of a Committee on a law to regulate the stock exchange.

(c) Decides on a legal dispute between two state governments.

(d) Implements the decision to provide relief for the victims of an earthquake.

Solution:

(a) The executive (political), the government

(b) The Parliament (Lok Sabha)

(c) The Supreme Court (Judiciary)

(d) The Executive (Permanent) civil servants

Question-7

Why is the Prime Minister in India not directly elected by the people? Choose the most appropriate answer and give reasons for your choice.

(a) In a parliamentary democracy only the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha can become the Prime Minister.

(b) Lok Sabha can remove the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers even before the expiry of their term.

(c) Since the Prime Minister is appointed by the president there is no need for it.

(d) Direct election of the Prime Minister will involve a lot of expenditure on the election.

Solution:

The most appropriate answer is (a).

This is because, in India, only the leader of the majority party/parties in the Lok Sabha can become the Prime Minister. Moreover, if the directly elected Prime Minister who does not have the support of the majority is appointed as the Prime Minister, there are chances that policies or laws suggested by him would not be passed in the Lok Sabha. This would lead to the government being run ineffectively.

Question-8

Three friends went to watch a film that showed the hero becoming Chief Minister for a day and making big changes in the state. Imran said this is what the country needs. Rizwan said this kind of a personal rule without institutions is dangerous. Shankar said all this is a fantasy. No minister can do anything in one day. What would be your reaction to such a film?

Solution:

I would choose to have a majority in the Lok Sabha, as the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha because:

1. If any law is not passed by both the houses, the final decision is taken in the joint session in which members of both the houses sit together but because of the larger number of members, the view of the Lok Sabha is likely to prevail.

2. The Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters too. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money-related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it.

3. Most importantly, the Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. If the majority of the Lok Sabha members say they have no confidence in the Council of Ministers, it has to quit, whereas the Rajya Sabha does not have this power.

Question-9

A teacher was making preparations for a mock parliament. She called two students to act as leaders of two political parties. She gave them an option: Each one could choose to have a majority either in the mock Lok Sabha or in the mock Rajya Sabha. If this choice was given to you, which one would you choose and why?

Solution:

I would choose to have a majority in the mock Lok Sabha. This is because of the following reasons:

1. The leader of the Lok Sabha is directly answerable to the public, as they are directly elected by them.

2. Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the houses. However, in an undecided situation, the decision of Lok Sabha always prevails due to more members.

3. Lok Sabha exercises more power in cases related to money bills as they originate here.

4. The Council of Ministers is controlled by the Lok Sabha.

5. Lok Sabha has more powers compared to the Rajya Sabha.

Question-10

After reading the example of the reservation order, three students had different reactions to the role of the judiciary. Which view, according to you, is a correct reading of the role of the judiciary?

(a) Srinivas argues that since the Supreme Court agreed with the government, it is not independent.

(b) Anjaiah says that the judiciary is independent because it could have given a verdict against the government order. The Supreme Court did direct the government to modify it.

(c) Vijaya thinks that the judiciary is neither independent nor conformist, but acts as a mediator between opposing parties. The court struck a good balance between those who supported and those who opposed the order.

Solution:

(a) The argument given by Srinivas is not correct. After hearing arguments of both sides the Supreme Court declared the order of the Government of India on reservations as valid. Agreeing with the valid order of the government does not mean that the judiciary is not independent. Moreover, the Supreme Court directed the government to modify its original order. This also proves that the judiciary is independent.

(b) The view of Anjaiah is correct.

(c) The view of Vijaya is not correct. The job of the courts is not to act as a mediator between the two parties, but decide the case according to its merits and the law.

Working Of Institutions class 9 political science MCQ 

1. When was the Second Backward Class Commission appointed?

(a) 1989

(b) 1979

(c) 1999

(d) 2001

► (b) 1979

 

2. What is ‘Parliament’?

(a) Assembly of elected representatives at the national level

(b) A body consisting of appointed ministers

(c) Body comprising judges

(d) Assembly of only appointed members

► (a) Assembly of elected representatives at the national level

 

3. Why did people react strongly to the Mandal Commission Report?

(a) It left out many backward communities

(b) It affected thousands of job opportunities

(c) Some high castes wanted to be included in it

(d) Both (a) and (c)

► (b) It affected thousands of job opportunities

 

4. What is meant by ‘Office Memorandum’?

(a) Order issued by the Government of India

(b) Memoirs of the leaders of the past

(c) Important defense documents

(d) None of the above

► (a) Order issued by the Government of India

 

5. Which of these are correct so far as powers of the Parliament are concerned, apart from making laws?

(a) Exercising control over the government

(b) Controlling finance of the country

(c) Serving as the highest forum of discussion and debate

(d) All the above

► (d) All the above

 

6. What do the Civil Servants do?

(a) They take important policy decisions

(b) They implement the ministers’ decisions

(c) They settle the disputes

(d) None of the above

► (b) They implement the ministers’ decisions

 

7. For how long can the Rajya Sabha delay a Money Bill?

(a) 15 days

(b) 1 month

(c) 3 months

(d) 14 days

► (d) 14 days

 

8. Apart from Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, who else constitutes the Parliament?

(a) Prime Minister

(b) Chief Minister

(c) Governor

(d) President

► (d) President

 

9. Two features of Indian judicial system are:

(a) Independent Judiciary

(b) Integrated Judiciary

(c) Dependent Judiciary

(d) Both (a) and (b)

► (d) Both (a) and (b)

 

10. How can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed?

(a) By the Supreme Court itself

(b) By the Parliament through impeachment

(c) By the President alone

(d) By the Police

► (b) By the Parliament through impeachment

 

11. Which of these disputes can the Supreme Court take?

(a) Between citizens of the country

(b) Between citizens and the government

(c) Between two or more state governments

(d) All the above

► (d) All the above

 

12. What is the power of the Supreme Court to judge the constitutional validity of a law passed by the Parliament or an action of the Executive called?

(a) Judicial Revision

(b) Judicial Review

(c) Judicial Consent

(d) Judicial Permission

► (b) Judicial Review

13. Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts?

(a) President, according to his own wishes

(b) President, on the advice of the PM

(c) President on the advice of the PM in consultation with the Chief Justice of India

(d) None of the above

► (c) President on the advice of the PM in consultation with the Chief Justice of India

 

14. What does the Supreme Court say over the Parliament’s power of amendment of the Constitution?

(a) Parliament can amend the entire Constitution

(b) Parliament can amend only the basic structure of the Constitution

(c) Parliament cannot amend the basic structure of the Constitution

(d) None of the above

► (c) Parliament cannot amend the basic structure of the Constitution

 

15. What is a Public Interest Litigation?

(a) Filing a case in the court in the interest of the public

(b) Reviewing of Supreme Court judgements

(c) Procedure of removal of a judge

(d) None of the above

► (a) Filing a case in the court in the interest of the public

 

16. What are the two types of ‘Executives’ in India?

(a) Political Executive

(b) Permanent Executive

(c) Judicial Executive

(d) Both (a) and (b)

► (d) Both (a) and (b)

 

17. Whom does the President appoint as the Prime Minister?

(a) Anyone he likes

(b) Leader of the majority party

(c) MP who has secured the largest number of votes

(d) None of the above

► (b) Leader of the majority party

 

18. Why does the political executive have more powers than the permanent executive?

(a) Because hardly any expertise is required in taking policy decisions

(b) Because political executive consists of the direct representatives of the people

(c) Political leaders are more educated

(d) None of the above

► (b) Because political executive consists of the direct representatives of the people

 

19. Who among the following is a part of the political executive?

(a) Home Minister

(b) District Collector

(c) Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs

(d) Director General of Police

► (a) Home Minister

 

20. What is the tenure of office of the Prime Minister?

(a) 5 years

(b) 6 years

(c) As long as he wants

(d) He does not have a fixed tenure

► (d) He does not have a fixed tenure

 

21. Which organ of the government has the power to interpret the Constitution?

(a) Supreme Court

(b) District Court

(c) High Court

(d) Both (a) and (c)

► (a) Supreme Court

 

22. What is the government formed by an alliance of two or more political parties called?

(a) Cooperation government

(b) Coalition government

(c) Consensus government

(d) Cooperative government

► (b) Coalition government

 

23. Which of these options is/are correct regarding the powers of the Prime Minister?

(a) He chairs the Cabinet meetings

(b) He distributes work to the different departments

(c) He can dismiss ministers

(d) All the above

► (d) All the above

 

24. Which of the following statements is not true?

(a) The Judiciary safeguards the laws

(b) The Legislature implements the laws

(c) The political executives are more powerful than the permanent executives

(d) The permanent executives comprises the civil servants

► (b) The Legislature implements the laws

 

25. The president of India is elected by

(a) Direct Election by citizens 18 years of age

(b) Indirect Election by the Electoral College

(c) The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers

(d) None of the above

► (b) Indirect Election by the Electoral College

 

26. President of India is:

(a) Head of the Government

(b) Head of the State

(c) Head of the parliament

(d) None of the above

► (b) Head of the State

Working Of Institutions class 9 political science SAQ

.1. Who appoints the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, and on what basis?

And.The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. But he cannot appoint anyone he likes. He appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of the parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister. In case no single party or alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support.

 

Q2. In which way do the cabinet ministers exercise more powers than the other ministers?

Ans. Cabinet ministers are the top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties, and are in charge of the major ministries. Ministers of state with independent charge are on the other hand usually in-charge of smaller ministries. The decisions are taken in cabinet meetings and the other ministers have to follow these decisions. They attend the cabinet meeting only if they are invited.

 

Q.3.  State how the delays and complications introduced by the institutions are very useful in a democracy? Ans. Working with institutions involves rules and regulations, meetings, committees and routines, often leading to delays and complications. But some of these delays are very useful as they provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any decision. They make it difficult to rush through a bad decision

 

Q.4.  How has the rise of coalition politics imposed constraints on the power of the Prime Minister?

And.The Prime Minister of a coalition government cannot take decisions as he likes. He has to accommodate different groups and factions in his party as well as among alliance partners. He also has a need for the views and positions of the coalition partners and other parties, on whose support the survival of the government depends.

 

Q.5.  Why is an independent and powerful judiciary considered essential for democracies?

Ans. Independence of the judiciary is essential in a democracy so that it does not act under the control and direction of the legislature or the executive. The judges do not act according to the wishes of the government, i.e. the party in power. The Indian Judiciary is powerful in the sense that it can declare only law invalid if it is against the constitution. Thus Indian judiciary acts as a guardian of the Fundamental Rights which is essential for a democracy.

 

.Q6. Discuss the powers and functions of the Parliament.

Ans. Parliament is the final authority for making laws in the country. It can also change laws and make new ones in their place. It exercises control over those who run the government. In India this control is direct and full. It also controls all the money that the government has. It is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policies.

 

Q.7.  Explain the composition of the council of ministers.

Ans.After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the President appoints other ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. The ministers are usually from the party or the coalition that has the majority in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers as long as they are members of parliament. Council of ministers is the official name for the body that includes all the ministers. It usually has 60 to 80 ministers of different ranks.

 

Q.8.  Write about the process of appointment and removal of a judge of the Supreme Court.

And.The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

In practice the senior judges of the Supreme Court select the new judges of the Supreme Court. A judge can be

removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by two-third members of the two houses of the Parliament.

 

.Q.9.Which house of the parliament is more powerful in India and why? Give any four reasons.

Ans. Rajya Sabha is called the Upper House but that does not mean that it is more powerful than Lok Sabha. Our constitution does not give Rajya Sabha same special powers over the states. But on most matters the Lok Sabha exercises supreme power.

(i)  Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both Houses. The final decision is taken in a joint session but as the number of Lok Sabha members is greater, the view of the Lok Sabha prevails.

(ii) Lok Sabha exercises more power in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. It can hold it only for 14 days.

(iii)    Lok Sabha controls the council of ministers. A person who enjoys the support of the majority members in the Lok Sabha is appointed the Prime Minister.

(iv)   majority members of the Lok Sabha say they have no confidence in the council of ministers; all ministers including the Prime Minister have to quit.

 

Q.10 Why are political institutions important? Give any three points.

Ans. Governing a country involves various activities. For attending to all these activities/tasks several arrangements are made. Such arrangements are called institutions. A democracy works well when these Institutions perform these functions.

(i)  The Prime Minister and the cabinet are institutions.

(ii)The civil servants working together are responsible for taking steps to implement the minister’s decisions.

(iii)    Supreme Court is an institution where disputes between citizens are finally settled.

 

Q.11. Give three differences between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

Ans. Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people. Lok Sabha exercises real power on behalf of the people. Rajya Sabha is elected indirectly and performs some special functions. Like looking after the interests of various states, regions or federal units. In some ways Lok Sabha is more important as it has more members and in any decision making, its opinion prevails – it controls the council of ministers.

 

Q.12 What is the tenure of the President in India? Mention the qualifications for President of India.

And.The President in India is the head of the state. He has only nominal powers. The President of India is like the Queen of Britain whose functions are to a large extent ceremonial. The President supervises the overall functioning of all the political institutions in the country. The President exercises all his powers on the advice of the council of ministers. His tenure is for five years.

 

Q.13. Under what circumstances does the President exercise his discretion in the appointment of the Prime Minister? Who appoints the other ministers?

Ans. When a party or coalition of parties secures a clear majority in the elections; the President has to appoint the leader of the majority party or the coalition that enjoys majority support in the Lok Sabha. When no party or coalition gets a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President exercises his/her discretion and appoints a leader who in his/her opinion can muster majority support in the Lok Sabha within a specified time.

 

Q.14 What is a coalition government? Why can't the Prime Minister of a coalition government take decisions as he likes?

And.The rise of coalition politics has imposed certain constraints on the power of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister of a coalition government cannot take decisions as he likes. He has to accommodate different groups and factions in his party as well as among alliance partners. He also has to heed to the views and positions of the coalition partners and other parties on whose support the survival of the government depends.

 

Q.15 What is the powers of the Prime Minister? Describe any three.

Ans.As the head of the government the Prime Minister has wide-ranging powers.

(i) He chairs cabinet meetings              (ii) He coordinates the work of different Departments.

(iii) He exercises general supervision of different ministries. He can and does dismiss ministers. When the Prime Minister quits the entire ministry quits.

Working Of Institutions class 9 political science  long question:

Q.1. Write about some of the activities involved in governing a country.

Ans.1- Governing a country involves various activities. For example, the government is responsible for ensuring security to the citizens and providing facilities for education and health to all.

2-It collects taxes and spends the money thus raised on administration, defense and development programmes.

3-It formulates and implements several welfare schemes. Some people have to make decisions on how to go about these activities. Others have to implement these decisions.

4-It is also important that these activities keep taking place even if the persons in key positions change.

 

Q.2.In which ways does the Parliament exercise political authority on behalf of the people?

Ans. (i) Parliament can make new laws, change existing laws, or abolish existing laws and make new ones in their place.

(ii)  Those who run the government can take decisions only so long as they enjoy support of the Parliament.

(iii)Parliament  controls  all  the  money  that the government  has.  Public  money  can  be  spent  only  when  the Parliament sanctions it.

(iv)Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy.

 

Q.3. Describe the ways in which Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.

Ans. (i) An ordinary law has to pass through both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. In case of differences, a joint session is held. Since Lok Sabha has a larger number of members it will prevail.

(ii)  Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once it passes the budget or the money bills, the Rajya

cannot reject it. It can delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.

(iii) Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. If the majority of Lok Sabha members say they have no confidence in the Council of Ministers, all ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit. Rajya Sabha does not have this power.

 

Q.4 How can you say that the President occupies the position of a nominal head of the State?

Ans.1-The President is not elected directly by the people. She or he can never claim the kind of direct popular mandate that the Prime Minister can.

2-  This ensures that she or he remains only a nominal executive.

3-  The Constitution gives vast powers to the President. But the latter exercises them only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

4-  The President can ask the Council of Ministers to reconsider its advice. But if the same advice is given again, she or he is bound to act according to it. Similarly, when a bill comes to the President for signatures she or he can return it to the Parliament with her or his advice.

5-  But when the bill comes for her signatures again, she or he has to sign it, whether the Parliament agrees to her / his advice or not.

 

Q.5. Write the powers of the Prime Minister?

And.The Prime Minister is the most important political institution in the country. He/ She has wide ranging powers.

(i) He chairs cabinet meetings.    (ii) His decisions are final in case of disagreement between departments.

(iii)  He distributes and redistributes work to ministers

(iv) He also has the power to dismiss ministers.   (v)When  the  Prime  Minister  quits,  the  entire  ministry  quits. Thus within the cabinet the Prime Minister is the most powerful so much so that parliamentary democracies are sometimes seen as the prime ministerial form of government.

 

Q.6. Explain the difference between Political Executive and Permanent Executive.

Ans.1-In a democratic country two types of executives are there. ‘‘One that is elected by the people for a specific period, it is called the political executive. Political leaders who make big decisions fall into this category.

2- In the second category people are appointed on a long-term basis. This is called the permanent executive or civil services. Persons working in civil services are called civil servants. They remain in office even when the ruling changes. These officers work under political executives.

 

Q.7. In what ways does the Parliament exercise political authority? Explain.

Ans.1- Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. This task of law making or legislation is so crucial that these assemblies are called legislatures.

2-  Parliaments all over the world exercise some control over those who run the government. In some countries like India this control is direct and full.

3-  Those who run the government can take decisions only, so long as they enjoy support of the Parliament. 4-Parliaments control all the money that governments have.

5- The Parliament is the highest forum of discussion.

 

Q.8. Explain any four constitutional provisions for making the judiciary independent.

Ans. Independence of the judiciary means that it is not under the control of the legislature or the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power. There is very little scope for the ruling party to interfere.

(i)  The appointment of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts is done by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

(ii) Once a person is appointed as judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court, it is impossible to remove him.

(iii)   The judiciary in India is one of the most powerful in the world. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the constitution of the country.

(iv)  They can declare invalid any law of the legislative or the actions of the executive whether at the Union level or at the State level.

 

Q.9. State the powers of the Supreme Court?

Ans.1-The Supreme Court controls the judicial administration of the country

.2- Its decisions are binding on all other courts of the country. 

3- It can take up any dispute

Between citizens of the country;         between citizens and government;     between    two    or    more    state governments; between governments at the union and state level.

4-It is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against the decisions of the High Courts.

5-The  Supreme  Court  has  the  power  to  interpret  the  Constitution  of  the  country.  It  can  determine  the constitutional validity of any law. This is known as judicial review

 

Q.10. Why is the Prime Minister the most powerful man in the government? Explain. 

Ans.1- The Prime Minister has wide-ranging powers as head of the government.

2-He chairs cabinet meetings, coordinates the work of different departments. 3- His decisions are final. All ministers work under him/his leadership.

4-  He distributes and redistributes work to the ministers.

5-  He also has the power to dismiss them and when he quits the entire ministry quits. The Prime Minister controls the cabinet and the Parliament through the party.

Q.1. Even though civil servants are far more educated and have expert knowledge on various subjects, why does the ultimate power to decide matters lie with the ministers?

Ans.1-A minister is elected by the people and thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf. 2-They are finally answerable to the people for all the consequences of her/his decision. The Minister is not expected to be an expert in the technical matters of her or his ministry.

3-The civil servants, though far more educated, work under these ministers and the final decisions are taken by the ministers

 

Q.2 What is the procedure for the removal of the judges?

Ans.1- The procedure to remove a judge is called impeachment. An impeachment motion is passed separately by two thirds members of the two Houses of the Parliament.

2-Thus the judges who are appointed by the President cannot be removed by the President alone.

3-Both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha have to pass a resolution by two-thirds majority to remove a judge.

 

Q.3.Under what condition can a state of emergency be declared in India? Explain. Ans.A state of emergency can be declared under the following conditions:

(i)  Increase of external aggression or armed rebellion;

(ii)It the government machinery of a state breaks down;

(iii)  If there is a threat to the financial stability of the country. Under these circumstances the President can impose a state of emergency and this is called President Rule

 

Q.4 ‘‘Parliament is the supreme legislature of India.’’ Justify the statement.

Ans.1-In all democracies, an assembly of elected representatives exercises supreme political authority on behalf of the people.

2- In India, such a national assembly of elected representatives is called Parliament. 3- At the state level, it is called Legislature or Legislative Assembly

4-  Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country.

5-  Parliaments all over the world can make new laws, change existing laws or abolish existing laws and make new ones in their place

 

Q.5.What was the reaction of the people to the implementation of the Mandal Commission Report?

Ans.1-The implementation of the Mandal Commission Report led to widespread protests and counter protests, some of which were violent.

2- People reacted strongly because this decision affected thousands of job opportunities.

3-Some felt that job reservations were essential to cope up with the inequalities among people of different castes in India.

4-Others felt that this was unfair as it would deny equality of opportunity to people who did not belong to the backward communities. They would be denied jobs even if they were more qualified.

 

Q.6. Write two ways in which it can be proved that the President does not have any real powers. What can the President really do on his/her own?

And.1- In our political system the head of the state exercises only nominal powers. The President of India is like the Queen of Britain whose functions are to a large extent ceremonial. The President supervises the overall functioning of all the political institutions in the country so that they operate in harmony to achieve the objectives of the state.

2-The President represents the entire nation but can never claim the kind of direct popular mandate that the Prime Minister can. The same is true of his powers. All government activities do take place in the name of the President. All laws and major decisions of the government are issued in his name, all international treaties and agreements are made in his name but the President exercises these powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.