The Nationalist Movement in Indo – China NCERT Class 10

The Nationalist Movement in Indo – China NCERT Class 10 ncert solution

1. Write a note on:

 

(a) What was meant by the 'civilizing mission' of the colonizers: 

 

The European colonists such as Britain and France considered themselves as the most advanced civilization. Thus, according to them, it became the duty of the Europeans to introduce these modern ideas to the colony even if this meant destroying local cultures, religions and traditions, because these were seen as outdated and prevented modern development.

 

(b) Huynh Phu So

 

Huynh Phu So was the founder of a nationalist movement called Hoa Hao. He performed miracles and helped the poor. His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal. He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So. They declared him mad, called him the Mad Bonze, and put him in a mental asylum. But the doctor, who had to prove him mad, became his follower. Finally, he was exiled to Laos and many of his followers were sent to concentration camps.

 

2. Explain the following:

(a) Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examinations.

(b) The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta.

(c) The government made the Saigon Native Girls School take back the students it had expelled.

(d) Rats were most common in the modern, newly built areas of Hanoi.

 

Answer

 

(a) Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examinations because the French colonial administration followed a deliberate policy of failing students in their final year examinations so that they could not qualify for better-paid jobs.

 

(b) France as a colonial power needed supply of natural resources and other essential goods from colonies. Thus, the French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation increased rice production and allowed the export of rice to the international market.

 

(c) The principal of Saigon Native Girls School expelled a Vietnamese girl student when she refused to vacate the seat for a French student. The angry students protested against this but they too were expelled leading to a further spread of open protests. Seeing the situation getting out of control, the government forced the school to take the students back.

 

(d) The French part of Hanoi has a well-laid-out sewer system that has become an ideal and protected breeding ground for rats. The sewers also served as a great transport system, allowing the rats to move around the city without any problem. And rats began to enter the well-cared-for homes of the French through the sewage pipes.

 

3. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin Free School. To what extent is it a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam?

 

Answer

 

The ideas behind the Tonkin Free School was to promote western culture and to make it look superior. The school taught science, hygiene and French, other than the common subjects. The students were not only made to attend these classes but also were asked to look modern too. Vietnamese were asked to cut off their long hair and adopt a short haircut which was absolutely against their culture.

This school was a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam as it rejected traditional Vietnamese education and lifestyle and promoted the western style of living. Like any other colonizers, the French introduced their so-called modern ideas to the colony even if this meant destroying local cultures, religions and traditions.

 

4. What was Phan Chu Trinh’s objective for Vietnam? How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau?

 

Answer

 

Phan Chu Trinh wanted to overthrow the foreign rule but at the same time, he was not against the setting up of French legal and educational institutions in Vietnam.

Phan Boi Chau wanted to use monarchy to drive out the foreign enemy, France while Phan Chu Trinh disagreed on this term of monarchy as he believed in overthrowing the monarchy to promote popular rights.

 

Discuss

 

1. With reference to what you have read in this chapter, discuss the influence of China on Vietnam's culture and life.

 

Answer

 

Vietnam was a part of the powerful empire of China. Even when an independent country was established, its rulers continued to maintain the Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture.

 

• The elites in Vietnam were educated in Chinese and Confucianism. A Vietnamese nationalist, Phan Boi Chau’s most influential book, 'The History of the Loss of Vietnam' was written under the strong influence and advice of Chinese reformer Qichao.

 

• In 1911, the monarchy in China was overthrown and a Republic was set up. This inspired Vietnamese students and they organized the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.

 

2. What was the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam?

 

Answer

 

Religion has always played a pivotal role in the lives of people in Vietnam. Vietnam's religious beliefs were a mix of Buddhism, Confucianism and local customs. Christianity, introduced by French

missionaries wanted to correct the beliefs of the Vietnamese regarding supernatural powers.

 

• In 1868, the Scholars Revolt was led by officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power. However, the French crushed the movement but this uprising served to inspire other patriots to rise up against them.

 

• The Hoa Hao movement in 1939 gained great popularity in the fertile Mekong delta area which drew on religious ideas popular in anti-French uprisings of the nineteenth century. The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu and declared him mad. Finally, the French authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

 

Political parties often drew upon their support from these movements. Thus, these religious movements were successful in gaining the support of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.

 

3. Explain the causes of the US involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect did this involvement have on life within the US itself?

 

Answer

 

The US got involved in the war in Vietnam because it was worried about communists gaining

power as the National Liberation Front and the Ho Chi Minh government in the north made an alliance against Ngo Dinh Diem's regime in the south. US policy-planners also feared that it would start a domino effect that meant communist governments would be established in other countries in the area. Thus, it decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.

The effect of the US involvement in the war was felt within the US as well as many saw this war not worthy. When the youth were prepared for the war, the anger spread. Only university graduates were exempt from compulsory service in the army which caused even more anger amongst the minorities and working-class families.

 

4. Write an evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the point of

(a) a porter on the Ho Chi Minh trail.

(b) a woman soldier.

Answer

 

a) The porters set out without fear on the Ho Chi Minh Trail which was a great expansive network of roads and footpaths. The heroic porters carried as much as 25 kg to 70 kg of weight on their backs or bicycles. They did not fear that they might fall over in the deep valleys. They bravely walked on the narrow, dangerous roads that marked the treacherous routes. They also did not feel afraid of being shot down by aircraft guns. They put all their fears aside and walked on to maintain the supply line. This fact showed that the porters were heroic and patriotic.

 

b) The Vietnamese women played an important role in the US-Vietnam War. They were both warriors and workers. As warriors and soldiers, the Vietnamese women constructed six airstrips, they neutralised thousands of bombs and went on to shoot down fifteen planes. There were 1.5 million Vietnamese women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams. The women workers were also engaged as porters, nurses and construction workers.

 

5. What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam? Compare this with the role of women in the nationalist struggle in India.

 

Answer

 

The role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam was very important. Firstly, they rebelled against social conventions which led to the emergence of a new woman in Vietnamese society. The women irrespective of age started working selflessly and fighting to save the country. They joined the resistance movement against imperialist powers. They helped in nursing the wounded and constructing underground rooms and tunnels. They served as porters on the Ho Chi Minh trail.

 

The women participated on a large scale in the nationalist struggle in India. They participated in protest marches and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. However, their role was not very dynamic and did not hold any position of authority.

The Nationalist Movement in Indo – China NCERT Class 10 MCQ

QUESTION: 1

Why was Tonkin free school established ?

• A.

• They wanted to provide western type of education

• B.

• They wanted to provide education according to the local need.

• C.

• They wanted to use local language

• D.

• They wanted to provide technical education

Solution:

Tonkin free schools established to provide western education in Vietnam. It was because the French wanted to impart Western-style education to the Vietnamese. 

QUESTION: 2

On which factor was the economy of Vietnam based on?

• A.

• Tea and Rubber Plantation

• B.

• Rice and Rubber plantation

• C.

• Rice and wheat Farming

• D.

• Rice and Tea plantation

Solution:

Factors on which colonial economy of Vietnam was based :-

i.) Colonies were considered essential to supply natural resources and other essential goods.

ii) Vast system of irrigation work was developed to increase rice production.

iii) Rice became an important export item in the international market.

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QUESTION: 3

Which leader brought together all the competing Vietnamese nationalist groups ?

• A.

• Ho Chi Minh

• B.

• The Nguyen king

• C.

• Bao Dai

• D.

• Ngo Dinh Diem

Solution:

The leader who bought together all the competing Vietnamese nationalist groups in 1930 was Ho Chi Minh.

QUESTION: 4

Who among the following wanted to establish a democratic republic in Vietnam ?

• A.

• Phan Boi chau

• B.

• Phan chu Trinh

• C.

• Ho chi minh

• D.

• Huynh phu so

Solution:

Phan Chu Trinh aimed at the freedom of Vietnam and he opposed the ideas of phan boi chau. He was an ideal of nationalism who wanted their nation to be democratic republic with the help of the French but not a monarchy form. He also reluctantly resisted the western civilization.

QUESTION: 5

Who was the founder of the Vietnamese communist party ?

• A.

• Fhan chu Trinh

• B.

• Huynh Phu so

• C.

• Ho chi Minh

• D.

• Phan Boi chau

Solution:

Ho Chi Minh was the founder and leader of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

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QUESTION: 6

Why did the US decide to intervene in the Vietnam War ?

• A.

• United state supported Japan

• B.

• Communist had gained power

• C.

• United states supported France

• D.

• None of the above

Solution:

Reasons for US entering into the war with Vietnam:

a. The US got involved in the war in Vietnam because it feared that a communist government would come to power in Vietnam after the National Liberation Front formed a coalition with the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, against Ngo Dinh Diem's regime.

b.  US policy-planners feared a spread of communism to other countries in the area, that is it would have a domino effect.

c. US entry into the Vietnam war was the outcome of the humiliating defeat of France, a European country, at the hands of a small Asian country Vietnam. 

d. The unification of North and South Vietnam which was in violation of the Geneva convention was closely watched by the US which feared the rising power of the communist.

e. Ideological differences that prevailed with the US representing the capitalist bloc and Vietnam communist ideology.

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QUESTION: 7

A branch of the Restorations society was established in Tokyo by whom ?

• A.

• By teachers

• B.

• By Industrialist

• C.

• By students

• D.

• None of the above

Solution:

The restoration society was a society meant for ending French colonial rule over Vietnam. Vietnamese students in Tokyo established a branch of this society in Tokyo. But when the Japanese government itself started to expand its colonies in Asia, it did not want a foreign anti-colonial society in its territory. Hence, the Japanese interior ministry tried to close down the society. This forced the members of the society to seek exile in China and Thailand.

QUESTION: 8

What does NLF stand for ?

• A.

• National land force

• B.

• National legal foundation

• C.

• National liberation force

• D.

• National liberation front

Solution:

National Liberation Front (NLF), formally National Front for the Liberation of the South, Vietnamese Mat-Tran Dan-Toc Giai-Phong Mien-Nam, Vietnamese political organization formed on December 20, 1960, to effect the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government and the reunification of North and South Vietnam. 

QUESTION: 9

Which movement started against the spread of Christianity by the French.

• A.

• The Hoa Hao moment

• B.

• The Liberation movement

• C.

• The scholars Revolt

• D.

• Go east movement

Solution:

Three features of scholars revolt:

- It was led by the officials at the imperial court.

- It was against French domination.

- They were angered by the spread of christianiny by french and were against it.

In the Ngu An and Ha Tein provinces more than thousand catholics were killed by officials.

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QUESTION: 10

Under whom was the Democratic Republic of Vietnam formed ?

• A.

• Ho Chi Minh

• B.

• The Nguyen king

• C.

• Bao Dai

• D.

• Ngo Dinh Diem

Solution:

The Chairman of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was Ho Chi Minh. In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party

1. When and how French Indo-China was formed?

(a) French Indo-China was formed in 1880, after the French defeated China

(b) Conquest of Tonkin and Anaam in 1887, led to the formation of French Indo-china

(c) Conquest of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam led to the formation of French Indo-china

(d) All the above

► (b) Conquest of Tonkin and Anaam in 1887, led to the formation of French Indo-china

2. Construction of trans-Indo-China network linked Vietnam to

(a) China and Siam

(b) Northern and Southern parts of Vietnam finally linked to Yunnan in China by 1910

(c) To Siam (Thailand now) via the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh

(d) Both (b) and (c)

► (d) Both (b) and (c)

3. The barriers to economic progress in Vietnam, according to Paul Bernard, the French writer, were :

(a) Lack of industrialisation

(b) High population, low agricultural productivity  and  extensive indebtedness among peasants

(c) Lack of reforms in the agricultural field

(d) Landlordism in the rural areas

► (b) High population, low agricultural productivity  and  extensive indebtedness among peasants

4. Indo-China comprises

(a) India and China

(b) North and South Vietnam and China

(c) India, China and Vietnam

(d) The modern countries of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

► (d) The modern countries of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

5.  The French tried to stem the invasion of rats in Hanoi by :

(a) Offering a price for every rat caught by the Vietnamese

(b) By plugging the sewers

(c) By starting a rat hunt in 1902, hiring Vietnamese workers and paying them for each rat caught

(d) By poisoning the rat

► (c) By starting a rat hunt in 1902, hiring Vietnamese workers and paying them for each rat caught

6. Who founded the Hoa Hao movement, when and where?

(a) It was founded by Hoa Hao in 1940 in Saigon

(b) Founded by Huynh Phu So in 1939 in Hanoi

(c) Founded by Huynh Phu So, in 1939, in the fertile Mekong delta area

(d) Founded by Mad Monze, 1939, in Hanoi

► (c) Founded by Huynh Phu So, in 1939, in the fertile Mekong delta area

7. Who started the ‘Go East Movement’ and when?

(a) 300 Vietnamese students in 1907-08 in Japan

(b) The Nguyen dynasty in 1907

(c) Phan Chu Trinh in 1908

(d) All the above

► (a) 300 Vietnamese students in 1907-08 in Japan

8. What were the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh called in Vietnam?

(a) Electric current

(b) Electric circuit

(c) Electric fuses

(d) None of the above

► (c) Electric fuses

9. Why did the US enter the war in Vietnam between North and South Vietnam?

(a) To establish US rule in Vietnam

(b) To unite the North and South Vietnam

(c) To stop communists gaining power in Vietnam

(d) None of the above

► (c) To stop communists gaining power in Vietnam

10. What is Napalm?

(a) A chemical weapon which the US used to attack in the war.

(b) Hollywood  film  which was responsible for motivating young men to die in the war.

(c) A film by John Ford Coppala’s

(d) A trail by Ho Chi Minh

► (a) A chemical weapon which the US used to attack in the war.

11. When did the conflict with the US end in Vietnam and how?

(a) Peace settlement in Nuremberg in April 1974

(b) Peace settlement in Paris in January 1974

(c) Peace settlement in Hanoi in December 1972

(d) Peace settlement in Vietnam in September 1969

► (b) Peace settlement in Paris in January 1974

12. Which one of the following was not the barrier to economic growth in Vietnam as suggested by Bernard?

(a) High population levels

(b) Low agriculture productivity

(c) Lack of natural resources

(d) Extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants

► (c) Lack of natural resources

13. Which one of the following is not true regarding the views of Paul Bernard about how colonies should be developed?

(a) Colonial economy should be developed to create demands for French goods.

(b) Reforms should be carried out to increase agricultural production.

(c) Landlordism should be introduced in the rural areas.

(d) Rural indebtedness and poverty should be reduced

► (c) Landlordism should be introduced in the rural areas.

14. Which one of the following was the reason behind the protest in the Saigon Native Girls Schools in 1926 in Vietnam?

(a) Expulsion of a Vietnamese girl from the school

(b) Using French language as the medium of instruction in the school

(c) Representing Vietnamese as primitive and backward in school textbooks

(d) Allowing only Vietnamese elite to get admission in the school

► (a) Expulsion of a Vietnamese girl from the school

15. Which one of the following is not true regarding the Hoa Hao Movement in Vietnam?

(a) It criticized useless expenditure and sale of child brides.

(b) It opposed gambling and use of alcohol.

(c) It motivated the Vietnamese to kill Catholic Missionaries.

(d) Its founder was Huynh Phu So

► (c) It motivated the Vietnamese to kill Catholic Missionaries.

16. Which one of the following was the reason behind the entry of the US into the war in Vietnam?

(a) Fear of the spread of communist governments around the world.

(b) Fear of Vietnam gaining independence

(c) Fear of French gaining control of Vietnam

(d) Fear of division of Vietnam

► (a) Fear of the spread of communist governments around the world.

17. Which one of the following is not true regarding the Bounty Programme?

(a) It was related to the rat hunt during the spread of Plague in Hanoi.

(b) The Vietnamese workers were paid for each tail of a rat as proof that it had been killed.

(c) It referred to the bountiful rice harvest in the Mekong River Delta.

(d) The rat catchers only clipped the tail of the rat and released it.

► (c) It referred to the bountiful rice harvest in the Mekong River Delta.

18. Which one of the following was not the barrier to economic growth in Vietnam as suggested by Bernard?

(a) High population levels

(b) Low agriculture productivity

(c) Lack of natural resources

(d) Extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants

► (c) Lack of natural resources

19. Which one of the following is not true regarding the role of women in the liberation movement in Vietnam?

(a) The women played a symbolic role in the Movement.

(b) Rebel women of the past were celebrated.

(c) They built airstrips, neutralised bombs and transported cargo.

(d) They were depicted as warriors and workers with a hammer in one hand and a rifle in the other.

► (d) They were depicted as warriors and workers with a hammer in one hand and a rifle in the other.

20. Which one of the following statements best explains syncretic tradition?

(a) A tradition that reflects the local beliefs.

(b) A modern tradition.

(c) A tradition that combines Buddhism with local belief.

(d) An ancient tradition.

► (c) A tradition that combines Buddhism with local belief.

21. Which one of the following countries does not comprise Indo-China?

(a) Thailand

(b) Vietnam

(c) Laos

(d) Cambodia

► (a) Thailand

22. According to Bernard, economic growth in Vietnam was obstructed by:

(a) High population

(b) Low agriculture productivity

(c) Extensive indebtedness among peasants

(d) All of these

► (d) All of these

23.  In which Year was the Vienna Congress held?

(a) 1815

(b) 1845

(c) 1885

(d) 1915

► (c) 1885

24. The main objective of ‘Go East Movement’ of the Vietnamese students was:

(a) To drive out the French from Vietnam

(b) To overthrow the puppet emperor

(c) To re-establish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French

(d) All of these

► (d) All of these

25. After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu:

(a) Vietnam was liberated

(b) Vietnam came under Japanese domination

(c) Vietnam was divided into North and South

(d) Ho Chi Minh became the President

► (c) Vietnam was divided into North and South

26. Who was referred to as ‘Colon’ in Vietnam?

(a) The Vietnamese who could speak French

(b) The French citizens living in Vietnam

(c) Residents of a colony

(d) Colonized part of Indo-China

► (b) The French citizens living in Vietnam

27. When did the NLF occupy the presidential palace in Saigon and unify Vietnam?

(a) 20 June, 1974

(b) 30 April, 1975

(c) 23 June, 1976

(d) 8 June, 1976

► (b) 30 April, 1975

28. The scholars revolt was led by court officials:

(a) who were angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power

(b) in the Mekong Delta

(c) wanting educational reform in Vietnam

(d) supporting French rule

► (a) who were angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power

29. Who among the following was the author of the most influential book ‘The History of the Loss of Vietnam’?

(a) Phan Boi Chau

(b) Liang Qichao

(c) Phan Chu Trinh

(d) Huynh Phu So

► (a) Phan Boi Chau

30. Which of the following is not true about the Ho Chi Minh trail?

(a) It had branch lines extending to other countries of Indo-China.

(b) It was used to transport men and materials from North to South Vietnam

(c) It was used by the Vietnamese rebels and the US troops.

(d) It had support bases and hospitals along the way

► (c) It was used by the Vietnamese rebels and the US troops.

31. What was ordinance 10?

(a) A Vietnamese law that permitted Buddhism but outlawed Christianity

(b) A French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism

(c) A Chinese law that permitted Confucianism but outlawed local practices.

(d) A Japanese law that permitted Buddhism but outlawed Hinduism.

► (b) A French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism

32. Which one of the following parties was established by Ho Chi Minh in 1930?

(a) Vietnamese Communist Party

(b) The League for the Independence of Vietnam

(c) National Liberation Front

(d) All of these

► (a) Vietnamese Communist Party

33. Who among the following, became the Chairman of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam formed in 1945?

(a) Ho Chi Minh

(b) Bao Dai

(c) Phan Boi Chau

(d) Ngo Dinh Diem

► (a) Ho Chi Minh

34. Who among the following formed the Revolutionary Society Duy Tan Hoi in Vietnam?

(a) Phan Boi Chau

(b) Huynh Phu So

(c) Phan Chu Trinh

(d) Liang Qichao

► (a) Phan Boi Chau

35.  By  whom  was  the Vietnamese Communist Party set up?

(a) Ho Chi Minh

(b) Ngo Dinh Diem

(c) Huynh Phu So

(d) Sun Yat Sen

► (a) Ho Chi Minh

36. Who among the following was intensely hostile to the monarchy in Vietnam?

(a) Phan Boi Chau

(b) Phan Chu Trinh

(d) Huynh Phu So

(d) The officials of the Imperial Court.

► (b) Phan Chu Trinh

37. “Go-east Movement” became popular in Vietnam during the first decade of 20th century because:

(a) Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire education.

(b) they went to Japan to learn the Japanese language.

(c) they went to get lucrative jobs.

(d) they looked for foreign arms and helped to drive away the French from Vietnam.

► (a) Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire education.

38. In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by the disease known as:

(a) Cholera

(b) Malaria

(c) Bubonic Plague

(d) Typhoid

► (c) Bubonic Plague

39. In 1911, the monarchy in China was overthrown by:

(a) Ho Chi Minh

(b) Sun Yat Sen

(c) Phan Boi Chau

(d) Ngo Dinh Diem

► (b) Sun Yat Sen

40.  The  USA  underestimated  the Vietnamese because they failed to understand

(a) The power of nationalism to move people to action, to sacrifice their home and family, to live under horrific conditions

(b) The power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world

(c) The desire to fight for independence

(d) All the above

► (b) The power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world

41. The Trung sisters were idealized and glorified because :

(a) They represented the indomitable will and intense patriotism of the Vietnamese

(b) They preferred to commit suicide, instead of surrendering to the Chinese when defeated

(c) Phan Boi Chau wrote about them in his play

(d) They gathered over 30,000 soldiers and fought the Chinese for two years

► (a) They represented the indomitable will and intense patriotism of the Vietnamese

42.  As peace talks began in the 1970s, the women were now represented as

(a) Warriors and workers

(b) Only as workers

(c) As workers in agricultural cooperatives, factories and production units and not as warriors

(d) All the above

► (c) As workers in agricultural cooperatives, factories and production units and not as warriors

The Nationalist Movement in Indo – China NCERT Class 10 SAQ

Q.1. How was French Indo-China formed ? [CBSE Comp. (O) 2008]

Ans. (i) French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858.

(ii) By the mid-1880s, they had established a firm grip over the northern region.

(iii) After the Franco-Chinese war, the French assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam, in 1887, French Indo-China was formed.

Q.2. ‘The French thought colonization necessary’. Give reasons.

Or

Why did the French think that colonies were necessary ? Explain. [CBSE 2012]

Ans. (i) Supply of raw materials : Colonies were considered essential to supply of natural resources and other essential goods.

(ii) To civilize the uncivilized people : Most of the European countries were of the opinion that the Afro-Asian people were uncivilized, and thought it was the mission of the ‘advanced’ European countries to bring the benefits of civilization to these backward people.

Q.3. Who was Paul Bernard ? What were his views regarding the development of colonies ?

Or

Describe the views of Paul Bernard on the question of development of the colonies. Mention any three barriers to which were a hurdle in improving the economy of Vietnam.  [CBSE 2011]

Or

How did Paul Bernard argue in favor of the economic development of Vietnam ? Explain.   [CBSE 2015 (O)]

Ans. Paul Bernard was an influential writer and policy maker who suggested a model to develop the French colonies.

(i) Believer of development of colonies :

He strongly believed that economic development of the colony was the only method which could help in serving the interests of the mother country.

(ii) Economic circle : He argued that the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make profits. If the economy was developed and people had high per capita income, this would increase their purchasing power, and they would buy more goods. The market would consequently expand, leading to better profits for the French business.

According to Bernard there were following barriers :

(i) High Population levels.

(ii) Low agricultural productivity.

(iii) Extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants.

Q.4. Describe any three steps taken by the French to develop agriculture in Vietnam. [CBSE March 2012 (O), 2013 (D)]

Or

Describe any five steps taken by the French for the development of the ‘Mekong Delta Region’.   [CBSE 2015 (O)]

Or

What did France do to increase cultivation in Vietnam ? How did it affect rice cultivation by 1931 ?      [CBSE 2014]

Or

Describe the major steps taken by the French to develop agriculture in Vietnam.

Ans. (i) Building canals : The French began by building canals and draining land in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works canals and earthworks – built mainly with forced labor, increased rice production.

(ii) Building of ports : To export the surplus production French built ports. These ports were used to export the rice to the international market.

(iii) Increasing area under rice cultivation :

The area under rice cultivation went up from 274,000 hectares in 1873 to 1.1 million hectares in 1900 and 2.2 million in 1930. Vietnam exported two-thirds of its rice production and by 1931 had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

(iv) Construction of rail network :

Construction of a trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China was begun. This final link with Yunnan in China was completed by 1910. The second line was also built, linking Vietnam to Siam (as Thailand was then called), via the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh.

(v) Establishing rubber estates : Many new rubber estates owned by French businessmen were established. Indentured Vietnamese labor was widely used in the rubber plantations.

Q.5. Why did the French policy makers want to educate the people of Vietnam ? Explain. [CBSE 2009 (D), March 2011 ]

Ans. (i) Civilizing Mission : Under this mission, the French claimed that they were bringing the modern civilisation to the Vietnamese. They took for granted that Europe had developed the most advanced civilisation. So it became the duty of the Europeans to introduce the modern ideas to the colony even if this meant destroying local cultures, religions and traditions. Education was seen as one way to civilize the ‘native’.

(ii) To counter Chinese influence : The elites in Vietnam were powerfully influenced by Chinese culture. To consolidate their power, the French had to counter this Chinese influence. So they systematically dismantled the traditional educational system and established French schools for the Vietnamese.

(iii) To create Asiatic France Solidarity :

There were many policy makers who felt that by learning French the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture and civilization of France. This would create Asiatic France Solidarity. The educated people inVietnam would respect French culture and see the superiority of French culture.

(iv) To justify Colonial rule : The French also wanted to educate the people of Vietnam so that through textbooks and other materials, they could justify colonial rule.

Q.6. ‘There were two broad opinions on the new education policy introduced by the French in Vietnam’. Discuss. [CBSE March 2011]

 Or

Explain the two opinions on the question of the use of the French language as the

medium of instruction in the French i  schools established for  the Vietnamese in Vietnam.                  [CBSE 2010 (D)]

Or

Why did some French policy makers in Vietnam emphasis the need to use the

French language as  the medium of  instruction ?   [CBSE 2015]

Ans. (i) Supporters of French : Some policymakers were in favor of the French language as the medium of instruction, because according to them, this would promote French culture  in Vietnam. By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture and civilisation of France. This would help to create an Asiatic France solidly tied to European France\ The educated people in Vietnam would respect French Sentiments and ideals, see the superiority of French culture and work for the French.

(ii) Supporters of Vietnamese : However, there were other groups of thinkers who were opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes. The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship.

Q.7. ‘The battle against French colonial education became a part of the larger battle against colonialism and for independence’. Explain.

Or

The schools became an important place for political and cultural battles in Vietnam against French colonialism. Support the statement with examples.

[CBSE 2010 (O)]

Ans. (i) Educational and colonial battle. The French sought to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of education whereas Vietnamese intellectuals wanted to use education as a power to motivate the students to resist colonial rule.

(ii) Teachers and education : Teachers and students did not follow the curriculum framed by the French. While teaching, Vietnamese teachers used to modify the text which was against the Vietnamese.

(iii) Saigon Native Girls School incident : In the Saigon Native Girls School, when a Vietnamese girl was asked to vacate the front seat for a French girl, she refused to do so. She was expelled from the school. When angry students protested, they too were expelled. This led to an open protest by the people forcing the government to take the student back.

(iv) Students and education : To fight against the colonial government, students formed various political parties such as the Party of Young Annan. They also used print culture to highlight how French rule was dangerous for the people. They issued national journals such as the Annanese Student.

(v) Go East Movement : It was a national movement launched by the students to drive the French out of Vietnam. Under . In this movement many Vietnamese students went to Japan to look for foreign help.

Q.8. What were the major features of the new schools of Western learning introduced in Vietnam by the French ?

Or

Explain four features of the education being given in the Tonkin Free Schools which was started to provide the western style of education in Vietnam. [CBSE Comp. (O) 2008]

Ans. (i) In the new education system, more stress was given to Science, Hygiene and French.

(ii) Along with the western education, the schools encouraged the adoption of western style such as having a short haircut.

(iii) These schools also encouraged students to wear western clothes, and play the western games like tennis.

(iv) For the traditional Vietnamese hair has the same significance as the head. So the establishment of new schools gave a major setback to Vietnamese traditional culture.

Q.9. What was a rat hunt ? How was it contradictory to the civilizing mission of the French ?

Ans. The rate hunt was started in 1902 in Hanoi to check the spread of plague in the city. Under this workers were asked to catch rats. It was contradictory in the civilizing mission because under the civilizing mission the French claimed that they were bringing modern civilization to the Vietnamese but under rat hunt mission they asked locals to enter sewers to catch rats for them.

Q.10. What was Scholar’s Revolt ? Explain. [CBSE 2015 (D)]

Ans. (i) This was an anti French Movement launched in 1887.

(ii) The main aim of the movement was loyalty to the monarchy and hatred for the French.

(iii) The movement was led by officials at the imperial court.

(iv) The movement was very intense in Ngu An and Ha tien province.

(v) More than 1,000 Catholics were killed by the rebels.

(vi) Though the movement was crushed by the French, it served to inspire people to rise up against the French.

Q.11. What was the ‘Go East Movement’? [CBSE 2008 (D), March 2011]

Ans. (i) It was, movement which was launched in the first decade of the twentieth century.

(ii) In 1907-08, some 300 Vietnamese nationalist students went to Japan to acquire modern education.

(iii) For most of them, the primary objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet emperor and re-establish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French.

(iv) These nationalists looked for foreign arms and help. They appealed to the Japanese help as fellow Asians.

Q.12. Explain the reasons for the popularity of ‘Go East Movement. [CBSE March 2011]

Ans. (i) The anti French movement was launched in the first decade of the 20th century.

(ii) The movement became popular because early Vietnamese nationalists had a close relationship with Japan and China.

(iii) They provided models for those looking to change, a refuge for those who were escaping French police, and a location where a wider Asian network of revolutionaries could be established.

Q.13. What was the impact of the Great Depression of 1929 on Vietnam ?

[CBSE March 2011]

Ans. The Great Depression of the 1930s which shattered most economies of the world had a severe impact on Vietnam too.

(i) The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh.

(ii) These provinces were amongst the poorest, had an old radical tradition and were called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam. When the Great Depression started showing its impact, people started demonstrating against the colonial government.

(iii) The colonial government put these uprisings down with great severity, even using planes to bomb demonstrators. The Great Depression and the brutality of the French against the workers provided an opportunity to the nationalist leaders to group together.

Q.14. ‘The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as well as criticizing the Vietnam war/ Explain.

Ans. (i) Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John Wayne’s Green Berets (1968). This has been cited by many as an example of an unthinking propaganda film that was responsible for motivating many young men to die in the Vietnam war.

(ii) Other films were more critical, as they tried to understand the reasons for this war. John Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the United States.

Q.15. Under what circumstances did the US enter the Vietnam war ? Explain.

Ans. (i) After the Geneva Peace Agreement, Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam.

(ii) Ho Chi Minh and the Communists took power in the North while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the South.

(iii) The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem.

(iv) His rule was opposed by many people and organizations including the National Liberation Front (NLF). The NLF wanted unification of the country.

(v) America wanted the anti-communist government in South Vietnam to continue at any cost. So it directly entered the war.

Q.16. Explain the impact of the Vietnam War on Vietnam.

Ans. (i) Use of modern war equipment : Thousands of US War troops arrived in Vietnam with heavy weapons and tanks, airships etc.

(ii) Use of Chemical weapons and gases : These War troops used all kind of chemical weapons Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs which destroyed many cities, villages and decimated jungles.

(iii) War and Women : War provided an opportunity to Vietnamese women to come out of the houses.

In the 1960s, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. There were pictures of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed as young, brave and dedicated.

(iv) Women as workers : Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers : they were shown with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other. Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country. As casualties in the war increased in the 1960s, women were urged to join the struggle in larger numbers.

Many women responded and joined the resistance movement. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy.

Q.17. State the contribution of Ho Chi Minh In the Freedom movement of Vietnam. CBSE March 2012, 2013 (D)]

Or

Who was Ho Chi Minh ? State his contribution in the freedom movement of Vietnam.   [CBSE 2012]

Or

Explain any four contributions of Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam’s struggle for Independence.

Or

How could you relate Communist Movement with ‘Vietnamese Nationalism’? Explain in four points.[CBSE 2012]

Or

Relate communist movement with ‘Vietnamese Nationalism’ and explain.

Ans. (i) As a leader : Ho Chi Minh, real name Nguyen Tat Thanh, Vietnamese Communist leader and the principal force behind the Vietnamese struggle against French colonial rule .

(ii) Formation of Communist Party : In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European communist parties.

(iii) Chairman of Democratic Republic of Vietnam : In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

(iv) Important symbol for unification ofVietnam : He was an important symbol for the unification of Vietnam. The importance of his role is clear from the fact that the most important route connecting north and south Vietnam was named after him.

Q.18. What is the Ho Chi Minh trail? Describe any three points of its importance. [CBSE Comp. (D) 2008, March 2011]

Ans. The Ho Chi Minh trail was an immense network of footpaths and roads, used to transport men and materials from the north to the south during the Vietnam war.

Importance :

(i) The story of the Ho Chi Minh trail is one way of understanding the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought against the United States.

(ii) It symbolizes how the Vietnamese used their limited resources against the biggest military power.

(iii) The trail was used by about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops who came to the south each month using this trail.

Q.19. What was the main motive of the French to develop the Infrastructure projects in Vietnam ? Explain how far they succeeded in their mission. [CBSE 2010 (D), March 2011]

Ans. (i) The basic aim of the French to develop the infrastructure projects in Vietnam was to get supply of natural resources and other essential goods.

(ii) The French succeeded in their mission as­

* The area under rice cultivation went from merely 274,000 hectare in 1900 and 2.2 million in 1930.

* By 1930 Vietnam became the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

* The French succeeded in linking northern and southern parts of Vietnam through rail.

* Vietnam was also linked to other nation like China, Thailand through rail.

Q.20. How did students in Vietnam fight against the colonial government’s efforts to prevent Vietnamese from qualifying for ‘white collar jobs’ ? Explain. [CBSE 2014(0)]

Ans. (i) They were inspired by patriotic feelings and the conviction that it was the duty of the educated to fight for the benefit of society.

(ii) By the 1920s, students were forming various political parties, such as the Party of Young Annan, and publishing nationalist journals such as the Annanese Student.

(iii) Many young students went to Japan under the Go-East movement to get higher education.

The Nationalist Movement in Indo – China NCERT Class 10 long question

Ques 1: Discuss in detail the resistance faced by the French from schools in occupied Vietnam.

OR

How did the battle against French colonialism become a part of the battle for independence in Vietnam? Explain.

Ans: Most of the students and teachers in the Vietnamese schools opened by the French were not following the given syllabus. They chose to openly oppose or silently resist what the French were trying to impose on the Vietnamese young minds. At the lower level of classes the French could not control the teachers at all because they taught in Vietnamese. This helped them to criticize and modify what the French textbooks put forward.

Fig: French Colonialism

The incident in 1926 at Saigon Native Girls’ School was an eye-opener. A Vietnamese girl had refused to give up her front seat for a local French student. She and her supporters were expelled. When the situation turned serious, the principal was made to admit the students back. In other places students were up against the government because they were not letting the Vietnamese people qualify for white collar jobs. These students deemed it the duty of educated Vietnamese to fight for their rights. So the students came to be disliked both by the French and the Vietnamese elite. By the 1920s, the students were creating political groups and publishing nationalist journals.

Soon schools were like political and cultural battlegrounds in which the French tried to control education. They aimed at changing the values, norms and perceptions of the people so that they viewed French culture and civilisation with awe and the Vietnamese civilisation as inferior. Many Vietnamese thinkers mourned the loss of territory, culture and customs.

 

Ques 2: How nationalism in Vietnam emerged through the efforts of different sections of the society to fight against the French? Explain.

Ans: (i) Every section of society in Vietnam promoted nationalism in its own way. Students started the Go East Movement and established associations in Japan to fight the French colonial rule. They took inspiration from Sun Yat Sen’s revolution in China. By the 1920s the students were forming various political parties, such as ‘Party of Young Anna’ and publishing nationalist journals like the “The Annanese Student' '. Teachers in school resisted the imposition of French culture on them and quickly modified the texts and taught what they wanted. They led a battle against French domination as a part of a longer battle against colonialism.

Fig: Vietnamese nationalism

(ii) Even in everyday life people resisted the French. ‘The Rat Catchers’ added their help to nationalism in their own way. When the plague struck Hanoi’s French Section, the authorities started a ‘rat hunt’ in which they rewarded Vietnamese workers when they produced a rat tail. The rat catchers cut off only the tail of the rats and then released the rats. The French were forced to stop the rewards. This rat menace reveals the limits of French power and the actions of rat catchers reveal the numerous small ways colonialism was fought in everyday life.

(iii) In the 18th century, religious movements were hostile to French domination. The Hao Movement of 1939 was one such movement led by Huynh Phu So. The French called him insane and suppressed the movement but it also contributed to the rise of nationalism.

(iv) Politically, the resistance to French domination was led by Phan Boi Chau who formed a revolutionary society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 and Phan Chu Trinh. The former wanted restoration of monarchy and the latter, a republic. In 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought the socialist groups together and formed the Vietnamese Communist Party. Under his leadership the country won freedom.

 

Ques 3: What was the role of women in the anti-imperialist struggle in Vietnam? Compare this with the role of women in the national struggle in India. [Textual Question]

Ans: We have read that Vietnamese women contributed to the resistance movement as workers as well as warriors. They were employed as porters carrying 25 kg of food and war materials on their delicate backs.

They served as nurses to the wounded. They even went on to dig tunnels so that the imperialist attacks could be thwarted by hiding the Vietnamese army in the tunnels. They worked bravely to neutralise thousands of bombs and shooting down the enemy planes. Nearly 1.5 million women workers were in the army. They helped in keeping strategic roads clear and even guarded the key points. It is difficult to imagine the state of the Vietnamese freedom struggle with the active role of Vietnamese women.

Women in Vietnam showed the same valor and patriotism as Indian women had shown during India’s freedom struggle. Aruna Asaf Ali, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Indira Gandhi, Rani Lakshmibai— all had contributed in their own way to the freedom struggle of India. In Nagaland, 13-years-old Rani Gaidiliu stood up in revolt against the British forces. She was caught and imprisoned for life in 1932. She spent the years 1932 to 1947 in dark cells of various jails in Assam. She was freed in 1947 when India gained freedom.

 

Ques 4: (i) What is this cartoon making fun of ?

(ii) Which school in Vietnam encouraged ‘Western Style’ education ?

(iii) How did the teachers and students resist the imposition of modernity on them ?

(iv) Name a party formed by students to fight against colonialism and name the nationalist journal published by them.

Ans: (i) It is making fun of the local Vietnamese who have become Westernised.

(ii) The Tonkin Free School started in 1907.

(iii) The teachers and students did not blindly follow the curriculum which encouraged Western ideas– e.g., short haircuts. The Vietnamese resisted– sometimes silently, sometimes openly. The teachers quietly modified the text while teaching and criticized what was stated.

(iv) The Party of Young Annan in 1920. The journal published was Annanese Students.

 

Ques 5: (i) Whose portrait has been painted in this picture?

(ii) Give a brief history of this person.

(iii) Why did she become a holy person?

(iv) What does this picture tell you about the role of women in society?

Fig: Trieu Au

Ans: (i) The picture is of Trieu Au.

(ii) She lived in the 3rd century CE. She became an orphan in childhood and grew up with her brother. She left her home, went into the jungles and built up an army, which fought against the Chinese.

(iii) When she lost the battle, she drowned herself. She became a martyr. People venerated her and were inspired by her actions.

(iv) It shows a change of role played by women in society. Earlier the women had no role to play in public life. They had very little freedom and were not allowed to decide their future. The nationalist movement changed it. They were now praised as warriors and heroic women who became symbols of the nationalist movement. Even rebel women of the past were praised.

1. Explain the challenges faced by the New Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

 

Answer

 

• The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. 

 

• The war between France and the Republic of Vietnam continued for eight years and in the end the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

 

• The peace negotiations at Geneva partitioned Vietnam into North and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south.

 

• Soon, Ngo Dinh Diem overthrew the Bao Dai’s regime and became dictator which started the war between North and South Vietnam.

 

• To stop the increasing influence of communism in Vietnam, the US entered the war but due to widespread questioning in 1974, the US troops were withdrawn from Vietnam. In 1975, Vietnam unified.

 

 

 

2. Describe any five steps taken by the French for the development of the "Mekong Delta Region". 

 

Answer

 

• The French started building canals to drain lands in the Mekong Delta to increase cultivation. 

 

• The vast system of irrigation works-canals and earthworks-built mainly with forced labor increased the rice production. 

 

• It allowed export of rice to the international market. 

 

• The area under rice cultivation went up from 2,74,000 hectares in 1873 to 2.2 million hectares in 1930. 

 

• Vietnam exported two-thirds of its rice production and by 1931 had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

 

 

 

3. Explain any five features of the Go East Movement. 

 

Answer

 

• The Go East Movement became popular in Vietnam in the first decade of the 20th century. 

 

• In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education. 

 

• The primary objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet emperor and re-establish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French. 

 

• The nationalists in Vietnam wanted foreign help and arms.

 

• They appealed to the Japanese as fellow Asians as Japan had modernized itself and had resisted colonization by the West.

 

 

1. “The role of women varied in the anti-imperialist movement in Vietnam.” Examine the statement. 

 

Answer

 

• In the 1960s, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters.

 

• They were portrayed as young, brave and dedicated.

 

• Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers as they were shown with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other.

 

• Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country.

 

• Many women responded and joined the resistance movement and helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy.

 

 

 

2. “U.S. entry into the war in Vietnam marked a new phase that proved costly to Vietnamese as well as to the Americans.” Analyze the statement. 

 

Answer

 

• Even though the U.S. had advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties were high.

 

• The wide spread attacks and use of chemical weapons – Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs – destroyed many villages and decimated jungles and led to the death of civilians in large numbers. 

 

• Many were critical of the US government for getting involved in a war that they saw as indefensible. 

 

• The recruitment of youth for the war spread anger.

 

• Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates which meant that only minorities and children of working-class families were recruited for war, not the privileged elite.

 

 

 

 

 

1. Explain the contribution made by the French in the development of agriculture in Vietnam. 

 

Answer

 

• Mekong Delta in Vietnam had fertile land, suitable for cultivation of rice and plantation crops. 

 

• For profit, the French began by building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. 

 

• They built a vast system of irrigation works, consisting of a canal and earthworks with the help of forced labor. 

 

• The rice production increased and allowed the export of rice to the international market.

 

• They also built a network of railways which helped in faster movement of goods and agricultural products. 

 

• Vietnam exported two-thirds of its rice production and by 1931 had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world.