The Story Of The Village Palampur class 9 Economics MCQ & SAQ

The Story Of The Village Palampur class 9 Economics NCERT SOLUTION

Q.2: Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. Do you agree?

Solution: Yes, modern farming methods like - the use of fertilizers, pesticides, high yielding variety of seeds, power driven tube-wells for irrigation, latest tools and implements like tractors, harvesters, threshers etc. require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. In fact, agriculture and industry can not be separated from each other; rather, they move hand in hand. Agriculture provides raw materials for various agro-based industries in India and lays a strong foundation of industry. On the other hand, industry goes a long way in increasing agricultural production. The development and application of biotechnology has not left much difference between agriculture and industry.

Q.3: How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur?

Solution: The spread of electricity helped the farmers of Palampur in a number of ways:

>> It helped the farmers of Palampur to irrigate their lands in a far better way. Earlier they used to irrigate their lands with the help of Persian wheels, which was not so effective. But now with the help of electricity they could irrigate much larger areas in less time and much more effectively.

>> With the improved irrigation system as a result of the use of electricity, they could grow different crops round the year.

>> They did not have to depend on monsoon rains which were uncertain and erratic.

>> As a result of the use of electricity the farmers of Palampur also got rid of many manual labor, anxieties etc.

Q.4: Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?

Solution: It is very important to increase the area under irrigation because it is not wise to depend on monsoon rains which are uncertain and erratic. Moreover, to increase production we have to bring more area under irrigation which will help us to improve the farming pattern or adopt modern farming methods in those areas.

Q.6: Why are the wages of the farm laborers in Palampur less than minimum wages?

Solution: Farm laborers in the Palampur village come from the landless families cultivating small plots of land. Dala is one such farm laborer. The minimum wage fixed by the Government for a farm laborer is Rs. 60 per day but Dala is paid only Rs. 35-40 a day. This is because of the fact that there is great competition for work among the farm laborers of Palampur. So they themselves agree to work at much lower wages than what was fixed by the Government.

Q.8: What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain.

Solution: The two most common ways of increasing the production are either by ‘multiple cropping’ or by adopting ‘modern farming’ method. For example, many farmers of Palampur village have adopted the process of multiple cropping to increase their production from the same piece of land. During the rainy (kharif) season they grow jowar, bajra etc. which are used for cattle feeding. Between October and December they cultivate potatoes. In winter (rabi) season they grow wheat which is partly kept for family consumption and the surplus for selling.

In this way the farmers of Palampur increased their production by multiple cropping.

Q.9: Describe the work of a farmer with 1 hectare of land.

Solution: A farmer who works in a farm of 1 hectare land has to face so many problems:

>> A small farmer knows that he can not meet his both ends just by working on such a small piece of land. So after working on his own field he has to work as a laborer on the field of some big farmer for a petty amount of Rs. 35-40 per day.

>> Even to start cultivating his own land he has neither means nor money for buying seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc.

>> Being a very small farmer he does not have any equipment or working capital.

>> To arrange all these things he/she has to take a loan either from a large farmer or a trader or a money lender at a hefty interest rate. Even after putting in so much labor there is always a chance for him to be trapped in a debt cycle which will always be a big cause of tension for him.

Q.10: How do medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers?

Solution: It is a fact that the small farmers with less than 2 hectares of land have to face much more problems than the medium or large farmers. As compared to small farmers, medium and large farmers can quite easily obtain capital for farming. The reasons are several:

>> Large farmers have their own savings from farming which they have accumulated year after year so they don’t stand any need for taking loans from anywhere.

>> Generally medium farmers also have their own savings to spend for the improvement of their farms. But even if they need to borrow, the amount would be small. Such farmers can go to the Bank directly and won’t face any difficulty in getting a loan from the Bank which will be at a reasonable interest too. The Banks feel happy to advance a loan to such farmers as they don’t see any risk because of the sound economic conditions of medium or large farmers.

Q.11: On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tejpal Singh? Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the Bank at a low interest rate?

Solution: Being a small farmer Savita has to face a number of problems if she wants to cultivate wheat on her 1 hectare of land. To purchase seeds,

fertilizers and pesticides for cultivating she has no money. It will be highly difficult to get a loan from a Bank either. So she approached Tejpal Singh, a large farmer of her village, for a loan. He agreed to give her a loan but at a hefty rate of interest of 24 percent for four months plus on a condition of her giving manual labor to his field. Still Savita agrees to these terms as she knows that getting a loan for a small farmer is quite a difficult task.

Savita’s condition would have been certainly better if she could get a loan from a Bank at a low or reasonable rate of interest. In that event she would have also been able to bring up her three children in a better way since she would have more time for her family.

Q.14: What can be done so that more non-farm production activities can be started in villages?

Solution: About 75 percent of the people in our villages depend upon farming including both farmers and farm laborers. Among them the conditions of the farm laborers are very bad. Number of these people is increasing day by day whereas the land is fixed. Farming has reached up to the saturated point so there is little scope for further laborers of getting absorbed in farming activities. Hence, it becomes most important to increase non-farm activities so that some farm laborers can get employment there. Such non-farm activities can be - dairy farming, manufacturing, shop-keeping, transport, pisciculture, poultry farming, tailoring, educational activities etc. In the lean season the farm laborers can supplement their income by taking part in any of these non-farm activities and thus, improve their economical conditions. To help families start such activities they may be provided the required training and some financial help at a reasonable interest by the Bank. It will also be helpful if we can improve the basic infrastructure of our villages including roadways, electricity, water supply etc. Above all if the Government takes initiatives in this direction by organizing various training programmes and arrangement of advancing loans through Banks at a moderate interest rate, then people in our villages will be able start a lot of non-farming activities followed by a change in their economic conditions very soon.

The Story Of The Village Palampur class 9 Economics MCQ

Question.‘Bigha’ and ‘Guintha’ are

(a) the type of village house

(b) the type of hybrid seeds

(d) the measuring units of land area in village

Answer : D

Question. Which of the following is grown in the rainy season?

(a) Jowar and bajra

(b) Wheat

(d) Rice

Answer : A

Question. Which of the following is fixed capital?

(a) Tools and machines

(b) Fertilizers and pesticides

(d) Seeds

Answer : A

Question. What was the concept of white revolution associated with?

(a) food crops

(b) milk

(d) pesticides

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following is not fixed capital?

(a) Agricultural land

(b) Tubewell

(d) Farm machinery

Answer : C

Question.The Green Revolution introduced the farmers to

(a) cultivation of wheat and rice

(b) cultivation of green vegetables

(d) cultivation of forests

Answer : A

Question. HYV seeds stands for

(a) Heavy yielding variety seeds

(b) High yielding variety seeds

(d) None

Answer : B

Question. The minimum wages for a farm laborer set by the government is

(a) Rs. 50

(b) Rs. 60

(d) Rs. 80

Answer : B

Question. Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

(a) Cotton

(b) Millets

(d) Rice

Answer : C

Question. Which area in India has a low level of irrigation?

(a) Deccan plateau

(b) Coastal regions

(d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer : A

Question. The standard unit of measuring agricultural land is:

(a) Km2

(b) Bigha

(d) Hectare

Answer : D

Question. Which one is a natural resource?

(a) Labor

(b) Raw materials

(d) None of the above

Answer : C

Question. Working capital stands for :

(a) Tools, machines and buildings

(b) raw materials and money in hand

(d) fixed deposits in financial institutions

Answer : B

Question. High yielding variety seeds (HYV) were introduced to Indian farmers as a result of

(a) White Revolution

(b) Green Revolution

(d) None of the above

Answer : B

Question. Tools, machines and buildings can be used to production over many years, are called:

(a) physical capital

(b) secondary capital

(d) all the above

Answer : C

Question. High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds are developed in

(a) Research institutes

(b) Factories

(d) None of the above

Answer : A

Question. Scope of farming activity is limited in Palampur due to

(a) fixed amount of land

(b) lack of irrigation

(d) none of the above

Answer : A

Question. All farmers in Palampur grow at least two main crops may are growing:

(a) sugarcane as the third crop

(b) rice as the third crop

(d) onion as the third crop

Answer : C

Question. Which of the following is a modern farming method?

(a) Multiple cropping

(b) Use of HYV seeds

(d) Both (b) and (c)

Answer : D

Question. Who is a person who puts together land, labor and capital?

(a) Moneylender

(b) Entrepreneur

(d) Manager

Answer : B

Question. Multiple Cropping refers to:

(a) cultivation of wheat and rice

(b) cultivation of two crops in alternate rows

(d) cultivating crops and rearing animals on the same farm

Answer : C

Question. Consumption of chemical fertilizers is highest in which state of India?

(a) Punjab

(b) Haryana

(d) Himachal Pradesh

Answer : A

Question. Which one among the following is not fixed capital?

(a) Machines

(b) Buildings

(d) Raw materials

Answer : D

Question. The SC’s population in the village comprises of:

(a) half

(b) two-thirds

(d) none of the above

Answer : C

Question. Which one among the following is a non-farm activity?

(a) Multiple cropping

(b) Crop rotation

(d) Modern farming

Answer : C

Question. The concept of White Revolution is associated with

(a) food crops

(b) milk

(d) pesticides

Answer : B

Question. Which is the most abundant factor of production in India?

(a) Land

(b) Capital

(d) Tools and machines

Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following terms is used for measuring crops produced on a given piece of land during a single season?

(a) Yield

(b) Productivity

(d) Output

Answer : A

Question. During the rainy season, farmers in Palampur grow:

(a) wheat and barley

(b) wheat and rice

(d) jowar and bajra

Answer : D

Question. Which of the following transformed the system of irrigation in Palampur?

(a) Tubewells

(b) Persian wheel

(d) None of these

Answer : A

1. Which of the following is not fixed capital?

(a) Agricultural land

(b) Tubewell

(d) Farm machinery

► (c) Fertilizers and pesticides

2. Which among the following states was first to try out the modern farming methods in India?

(a) Haryana

(b) Jharkhand

(d) Odisha

► (a) Haryana

3. What percentage of total land area is cultivated by Medium and Large farmers?

(a) 36 %

(b) 50 %

(d) 64 %

► (d) 64 %

4. Which Kharif crop is used for cattle feed?

(a) Sugarcane

(b) Potato

(d) Wheat

► (c) Jowar and bajra

5. The standard unit of measuring agricultural land is:

(a) Km2

(b) Bigha

(d) Hectare

► (d) Hectare

6. Which of the following crops is grown in Palampur during Kharif

(a) Rice

(b) Wheat

(d) Sugarcane

► (c) Jowar

7. Green Revolution is related to:

(a) Milk Production

(b) Grain production

(d) None of the above

► (b) Grain production

8. 'Operation Flood' is related to :

(a) Control flood

(b) Produce fish

(d) Grain production

► (c) Milk production

9. What was the concept of white revolution associated with?

(a) food crops

(b) milk

(d) pesticides

► (b) milk

10. Which is the most abundant factor of production in India?

(a) Land

(b) Capital

(d) Tools and machines

► (c) Labor

11. Money in hand is an example of

(a) Human capital

(b) Fixed capital

(d) Physical capital

► (c) Working capital

12. Which of the following statements is not true about small-scale manufacturing in villages?

(a) Farmers engage in it to supplement their income

(b) Farmers take help of their family members

(d) Farmers produce articles for their own use

► (d) Farmers produce articles for their own use

13. Which one is a natural resource?

(a) Labor

(b) Raw materials

(d) None of the above

► (c) Mineral

14. Which of the following is a modern farming method?

(a) Multiple cropping

(b) Use of HYV seeds

(d) Both (b) and (c)

► (d) Both (b) and (c)

15. Which product is sold by Mishri Lal traders in Shahapur

(a) Jaggery

(b) Cotton Textile

(d) Fertilizers

► (a) Jaggery

16. HYV seeds stands for

(a) Heavy yielding variety seeds

(b) High yielding variety seeds

(d) None of the above

► (b) High yielding variety seeds

17. Scope of farming activity is limited in Palampur due to

(a) fixed amount of land

(b) lack of irrigation

(d) none of the above

► (a) fixed amount of land

18. What is done to surplus wheat in Palampur?

(a) Sold in the market

(b) Destroyed

(d) Stocked by self

► (a) Sold in the market

19. High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds are developed in

(a) Research institutes

(b) Factories

(d) None of the above

► (a) Research institutes

20. What is the source of capital for the large farmers?

(a) Banks and own savings

(b) Money lenders and relatives

(d) Poor farmers

► (a) Banks and own savings

21. Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

(a) Cotton

(b) Millets

(d) Rice

► (c) Gram

22. Which of the following terms is used for measuring the crop produced on a given piece of land during a single year?

(a) Yield

(b) Productivity

(d) Output

► (a) Yield

23. 'Bigha' and 'Guintha' are:

(a) the type of village house

(b) the types of Hybrid seeds

(d) the measuring units of land area in village

► (d) the measuring units of land area in village

24. Which of the following is grown in the rainy season?

(a) Jowar and Bajra

(b) Wheat

(d) All of the above

► (a) Jowar and Bajra

25. Where do most of the small farmers borrow money to arrange for the capital in Palampur?

(a) Banks

(b) Co-operative Societies

(d) Friends and relatives

► (c) Village money lenders

The Story Of The Village Palampur class 9 Economics SAQ

Q.1. What was the major impact of electricity on the farmers of Palampur? Explain.

Ans. 1. Electricity reaching Palampur transformed the irrigation system as electric-run tubewells could be used to irrigate much larger areas of land more effectively.

2. Electric tubewell would draw water from the well electrically and no manual handling required.

3. Electricity has also facilitated the harvesting of crops with electric harvesters.

Q.2. What is the basic aim of production? What are the essential four requirements for production?

Ans. Basic aim of production was to produce goods and services that we want. Four requirements for production of goods and services were:

2. Land and other natural resources like water, forests, minerals Labor, i.e. people who would do the work.

3. Each worker is providing the labor necessary for production.

4. Third requirement is physical capital, i.e. a variety of inputs required at every stage during production.

5. Fourth requirement is knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land, labor and physical capital and produce an output.

Q.3. What do you mean by working capital? How does it affect the day-to-day activities in farming?

Ans. Raw materials and money in hand is known as working capital. Some money is always required during production to make payments and buy other necessary items. Working capital is related with day-to-day activities in farming like use of seeds, pesticides, insecticides, manure, wages of labor etc. So production in farming is high for more working capital. Higher working capital would facilitate more purchase of seeds, fertilizers and wages, so higher yield would be there.

Q.4. What do you mean by Rabi crops and Kharif crops? When are they sown and harvested? Give examples also.

Ans. Rabi crops are grown in the winter season (between October to December) and harvested in the spring season (between mid-late April to mid-late June). Potatoes, wheat, barley, and mustard are Rabi crops.

Kharif crops are sown in the rainy season (from July to September) and harvested in the autumn season. Examples of Kharif crops are jowar and bajra, sugarcane, cotton, red chillies etc.

Q.5. What is the difference between multiple cropping and modern farming methods?

Ans. To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. For example, sugarcane is sown along with wheat in the winter season as sugarcane is harvested once every year. Modern farming methods are the use of improved methods and techniques to be used in agriculture to increase yield per hectare. Use of HYV seeds, insecticides, pesticides, electric tube-well etc. is modern farming methods.

Q.6. Modern farming methods require the farmers to invest more cash than before. Why? Explain.

Ans. Yes, modern farming methods like use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, electric tubewell for irrigation require higher investment in farming because they carry higher cost than traditional one. HVY seeds need more water and also chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results. Higher use of chemicals causes environmental degradation also.

Q.7. What was the major disadvantage associated with HYV seeds? Explain.

Ans. 1. Biggest disadvantage associated with HYV seeds is the requirement of water and also chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results.

2. Higher yields are possible only from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc.

3. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides degrade our environment, killing necessary bacteria in soil. Poor farmers could not afford HYV seeds due to increased requirements of fertilizers and machinery.

4. New machinery replaced manual labor leading to unemployment and rural-urban migration.

Q.8. What are the various farming and non-farming activities in village Palampur?

Ans. Farming activities: Farming is the main production activity in Palampur. About 75% of the people depend upon farming for their livelihood. They use methods of multiple farming and modern farming techniques for increase in their productivity. Well-developed irrigational facilities and use of HYV seeds has improved production levels of agriculture in Palampur.

Non-farming activities : Non farming activities in Palampur includes dairy farming. Small scale manufacturing units, shop-keeping and transportation activities. Milk is transported to nearby and far of towns. Family members, without hired laborers, run small manufacturing units with simple techniques. Shopkeepers buy various goods from wholesale markets in cities and sell them in villages. Road transport facilities include rickshaws, tongs, jeeps, tractors, trucks and bullock carts.

Q.9. What do the scientific reports indicate about the modern farming methods? Mention any three points. Ans. Scientific reports indicate that the modern farming method has overused the natural resource base.

1. Green revolution, due to increased use of chemical fertilizers, has led to loss of soil fertility.

2. Use of ground water with due help of tube wells for irrigation has reduced the level of ground water.

3. Use of chemical fertilizers resulted in loss of soil fertility. Therefore, farmers are forced to use more and more chemical fertilizers to achieve the production level which in turn raises the cost of production.

Q.10. What are the sources of irrigation in Palampur?

Ans. Palampur holds a well developed system of irrigation. Due to the introduction of electricity , the irrigation system transformed from Persian wheels to electric-run tube wells. Initially, the first few tube wells were installed by the government and then by the mid 1970s the entire cultivated area of 200 hectare was irrigated by privately installed tube wells.

Q.11. Explain any three types of production activities in Palampur.

Ans. (i) Farming at Palampur : Farming is the main activity in village Palampur. Land area available for farming is fixed. Expansion in production is done due to methods of multiple cropping and use of modern farming methods.

(ii) Dairy farming : Dairy is a common activity in many families of Palampur. Many families have cows and buffaloes. They feed them on jowar and bajra. They sell milk either in the village or in nearby villages or towns.

(iii) Small-scale manufacturing : People at Palampur are Engaged in the same kind of small scale and cottage industries. Simple techniques of production are used on a small scale. Such small scale units are mostly carried at home or in fields with the help of family members. Sugarcane crushing, carpet Weaving and basket – making activities are carried under such production units.

Q.12. State any three advantages of multiple cropping. Ans. Advantages of multiple cropping are :

(a) Efficient use of land : Land is not left idle at any time of the year and therefore more efficiently used in the process of production.

(b) Increase of production : It increases the production on a piece of land during the year.

Q.13. What is Green Revolution? Which crop benefited the most due to the Green Revolution?

Ans. Green Revolution is a revolution of using modern farming methods for higher yield and achieving the self sufficiency in the production of wheat and rice. It includes use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc for producing best results. Wheat benefited the most due to the Green Revolution.

Q.14. What are the problems farm laborers face in terms of employment? Explain any three problems. Ans. Problems faced by farm laborers are :

(a) Inadequate wages : The Government has fixed the minimum wages as Rs 60 a day but they don't usually get this amount of money.

(b) Availability of labor : Too much availability of labor forces the laborers to work on lower wages.

(c) Duration of employment : Laborers are sometimes employed on the daily wages and sometimes for the whole year. They do not have job.

Q.15. Explain any three modern farming methods of Agriculture.

Ans. (i) Use of HYV seeds : Use of High Yielding Variety seeds promises larger quantities of production of foodgrains.

(ii) Use of farm machinery : Use of machinery for irrigation, harvesting, threshing etc improves the quality of work as well as reduces time consumption.

(iii) Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides : Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides assure the farmers about the better upbringing of crops in quality and quantity.

Q.16. Many factors are responsible for the poor economic condition of farm laborers like Dala and Ramkali. Can you explain a few of these factors?

Ans. The factors responsible for poor economic conditions of farm laborers like Dala and Ramkali are :

(i) Use of modern farming techniques : Use of modern farming techniques make it difficult for farm laborers to get work. Tractors are used for plowing, harvesters for harvesting, threshers for threshing and weedicide for removing weeds. This leaves very less or no work for farm laborers.

(ii) Poorly Paid : Due to heavy competition for work among the farm laborers, people agree to work for lower wages. The minimum wages for a farm laborer set by the government is Rs 60 per day but they are generally paid only half of it. This forces them to take loans from local money lenders which put them in the vicious circle of poverty.

The Story Of The Village Palampur class 9 Economics long question

Q.1. What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Explain any four points.

What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Explain with the help of examples.

State four steps of optimal utilization of land.

Ans. Land area under cultivation is fixed. So, the ways of increasing farm produce on the same piece of land are :

(i) Multiple cropping : It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. Under it, more than one crop is grown on the same piece of land during the year.

Indian farmers should grow at least two main crops in a year. Some farmers have been growing a third crop also over the past twenty years

(ii) Green Revolution : It was brought in India in the late 1960s, the use of HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds for increase in production of rice and wheat. It promised to produce a much greater amount of grains on a single plant.

(iii) Use of modern technology : By the use of well developed people able to cultivate their land with greater efficiency.

(iv) Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides Farmers use pumpsets for irrigation, threshers for threshing, harvesters for harvesting, tractors for plowing etc.: Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides improves fertility of soil and reduces pest respectively for the particular period of production. This improves the quantity of production.

Q.2. Who provides labor for farming in Palampur? How are they paid for their work?

Ans. After land, labor is the second most necessary factor for production. Small farmers along with the other numbers of their family cultivate their own fields. Thus, they provide the labor required for farming themselves. Medium and large scale farmers hire farm laborers to work on their fields. Farm laborers either engaged from landless families or the families cultivating small pieces of land. Farm laborers do not have any right over the crops grown on the land. They are paid in the following ways :

(i) Wages are paid to them in form of cash or kind, i.e., crops.

(ii) Government has set up minimum wages for farm laborers to be Rs 60 per day but unfortunately they do not get this much and are mostly exploited.

(iii) Sometimes poor farm labourers also work for meals.

(iv) Sometimes they are employed on a daily basis and sometimes for the whole year. Thus, the duration of their employment is not fixed.

Q.3. What are the four requirements for production of goods and services? Explain. OR

What are the four requirements of production? Explain with examples.

Ans. There are four requirements of production of goods and services. These requirements are known as factors of production. These are :

(i) Land : By land we mean not only the level surface but all gifts of nature which are amenable to human control, such as water, forests, minerals etc.

(ii) Labor : Manpower required to do the work. The mental and physical work done by people in an organization comes under labor.

(iii) Physical Capital : It means a variety of inputs required at every stage during production. They can be classified as :

(a) Fixed capital : It includes tools, machines and buildings that can be used for production for many years.

(b) Working capital : Money in land and raw material that has to be used in current products are included in working capital.

(iv) Enterprise : It means the need for knowledge and enterprise to put together all other factors of production and ability to sell the product in the market. This is also called human capital.

Q.4. What is the Green Revolution? Explain some of its features.

Ans. Green Revolution is a revolution with farmers using modern methods for higher yields and achieving self- sufficiency in the production of wheat and rice. It includes use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, irrigation,chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc for producing best results. Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try it in the late 1960s. Factors responsible for Green Revolution are :

(i) Increase in yield : HYV seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of grains on a single plant. As a result, the same piece of land produces larger quantities of food grains.

(ii) Use of modern technology : Use of modern technology like tractors, harvesters, tubewells etc have made the implementation of the green revolution possible in the environment.

(iii) Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides : Unlike traditional fertilizers and manures, use of chemical

fertilizers have increased as a requirement with HYV seeds which improves the quality and quantity of the produce.

Q.5. Explain any two positive and two negative effects of the Green Revolution. OR

Explain two achievements and two drawbacks of the Green Revolution in Indian agriculture.

Ans. The Green Revolution was started in the late 1960s with an aim of achieving self-sufficiency in the production of grains like wheat and rice. Two positive effects and achievements of green revolution are :

(i) Increase in productivity of grains : Use of HYV seeds produced much more wheat and rice in comparison to traditional seeds.

(ii) Modernisation of agriculture : HYV seeds required well-developed irrigation, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Use of farm machinery has also been encouraged in the green revolution which resulted in development and modernisation of agriculture. It also increased the surplus in the field of agriculture.

Two Negative effects and drawbacks of Green Revolution :

(i) Decline in fertility of soil : Too much use of chemical fertilizers resulted in decline of fertility of soil. Farmers have to use more and more chemical fertilizers which increases the loss of production.

(ii) Level of groundwater : Use of groundwater for cultivation with the help of tube wells has caused a decline in the level of ground water.

Q.6. Is Palampur a developed village? Explain by presenting four arguments. OR How can you say that Palampur is a well developed village?

Ans. Palampur is a well developed village. This can be made clear from the following arguments :

(i) Multiple cropping : Farmers of Palampur have adapted multiple cropping. They plant three crops a year and never leave their land idle.

(ii) Modern facilities of agriculture : They have a well developed system of irrigation.

Electricity came early in Palampur. They use modern machinery like tractors, harvesters etc for farming. Use of HYV seeds and chemical fertilizers is also noticed in Palampur.

(iii) Markets and Education : There are small markets set up in Palampur which have all the daily commodities available. Kareem is also running computer classes and a good number of students are learning there. High schools and education for women is available here.

(iv) Transportation : People of Palampur have facilities of transporting goods to other towns and villages with a good transportation system and well developed roads.

Q.7. What are the various ways through which farmers can get loans? Write their advantages and disadvantages.

Ans. Farmers can get loans through the following ways :

(i) Large farmers or village moneylenders : Most of the small farmers prefer taking loans from large farmers or village moneylenders. Advantages of taking loans from such sources are :

(a) They are flexible in terms and conditions of repayment and rate of interest.

(b) They know the lenders personally so get loans without collateral security.

Disadvantages:

(a) Rate of interest is very high. (b) Small farmers are exploited and are trapped in a vicious circle of poverty.

(ii) Banks and cooperative societies : Although, very few small farmers approach banks for loan but they provide them better services. Advantages of loans from banks and cooperatives:

(a) No exploitation of farmers. (b) Uniform and nominal rate of interest for all.

Disadvantages:

(a) Needs proper security and has set terms and conditions.

Q.1. Differentiate between fixed capital and working capital. State any four points.

Ans. Both fixed capital and working capital are the parts of physical capital required for production.

(i) Fixed Capital :

(a) It includes fixed factors of production which are used for years.

(b) Tools and machines range from very simple tools such as a farmer's plow to sophisticated machines such as generators, turbines etc.

(c) It includes tools, machines, buildings etc. (d) They remain constant for many years of production and increase or decrease only when needed.

(ii) Working Capital :

(a) It includes variable factors of production which need to be arranged every time at the time of production.

(b) Whatever money and raw materials required for production are included in it.

(d) They are dynamic depending upon the profits and income of last season.

Q.2. Explain any four non-farming activities in Palampur village.

Ans. Most of the people living in Palampur village are involved in production activities. Only 25% of the people working in Palampur village are engaged in activities other than agriculture.

Various non-farm activities in Palampur village are :

(a) Dairy : It is a common activity at Palampur village. People feed their buffalos on jowar and bajra and sell their milk in Raiganj village. Two traders from Shahpur town have set up collection cum chilling centers at Raiganj from where the milk is transported to far away towns and cities.

(b) Small scale manufacturing units : People get involved in very simple production methods in their homes only with their family members. They make baskets, pottery etc small things and sell them in the markets nearby. Shopkeepers : People get involved in trade, they buy goods from nearby wholesale markets and sell them in the village. They sell a wide range of items like sugar, tea, oil, soap etc. They open shops for eatables near bus stands.

Transport : People also get involved in providing transportation services like rickshaws, tongas, jeeps, tractors, trucks, bullock cart, bagey etc. The number of people involved in transport has grown over the last several years.

Q.3. What do you mean by the Green Revolution? Why was the initial impact of the Green Revolution limited to wheat and only to a few regions?

Ans. 1.Green Revolution is a revolution which started in the late 1960s with an aim of achieving self-sufficiency in the production of grains like wheat and rice.

2. The initial impact of the Green Revolution was limited to wheat and only to a few regions because initially only the farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh adopted the modern farming method in India.

3. They used tube wells for irrigation and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides in farming.

4. Capital required for using HYV seeds was very high. Therefore small farmers and many backward regions could not use the modern techniques.

5. Use of HYV seeds require all other modern techniques of cultivation also therefore for initial time it remained

unapproachable in many backward villages and small farmers which work without electricity or own poor farm distribution.

Q.4. What is land? Suggest any three ways to sustain land.

Ans. Land is the leveled surface and other natural resources such as water, forests, minerals etc used for production of goods and services. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers or modern techniques of farming destroys land and all other natural resources. Land can be sustained through following ways :

(i) Limited use of chemical fertilizers : Chemical fertilizers should be used in a limited number and only as per the requirement. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers destroys the fertility of land.

(ii) Crop rotation : Crops should be planted in such a way that land gets time to restore its fertility. Different nutrients are required with different lands, therefore planning of multiple cropping should be done in such a way that the land is also able to restore the lost nutrients.

(iii) Waste of chemical fertilizers : Waste of chemical fertilizers or pesticides should not be thrown in the water bodies of villages as this will pollute the water.

(iv) Adequate use of groundwater : Ground water should be adequately used so that there is minimum wastage of groundwater.

Q.5. What is the main source of capital for medium and large farmers? How is it different from the small farmers? Explain.

Ans. (a) Surplus wheat selling : Main source of capital for medium and large farmers is supply of surplus wheat in the market as they own a large area of cultivable land. They retain part of wheat for their own use and sell the rest of wheat in the market. While for small farmers, no surplus wheat is available so they arrange capital from large farmers or village moneylenders or the traders.

(b) Extra work to landowner or large farmers : In order to get a loan from landowner or large farmers they have to pay higher interest rates and also extra work on their fields to repay the loan, while medium and large farmers can devote their full time to their own land.

Q.6. What was the basic aim of the ‘Green Revolution’ in India? How did it affect the market economy?

Ans. The introduction of HYV seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution which was associated with increase in production of food grains in India and make India self-sufficient in foodgrains.

Impact of Green Revolution on market economy

(a) Increased production of foodgrains like wheat and rice : Foodgrain yields continued to increase throughout

the 1980s. In the financial year 1980, almost 75 percent of the total cropped area under wheat was sown with HYV seeds.

(b) Increased income disparities, higher income growth and reduced incidence of poverty : Green revolution has increased income disparities, higher income growth and reduced incidence of poverty.

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