Work, Life and Leisure MCQ & SAQ class 10 NCERT HISTORY

 

Work, Life and Leisure MCQ & SAQ

Work, Life and Leisure NCERT SOLUTION:

1. Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the eighteenth century.

→ The city of London was a magnet for the migrant populations due to the job opportunities provided by its dockyards and industries. By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. So, the population of London kept expanding through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

→ During the first world war, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods. This increased the number of large factories, which in turn increased the number of people coming to the city in search of work.

2. What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth century? Explain the factors which led to this change.

Changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth century were primarily based on industrial and technological advancements. Consequently, women had to work in households for a living, and this led to an increase in the number of domestic servants. Some women also began to earn by lodging out rooms, tailoring, washing or making matchboxes. With the coming of the First World War though, women once again joined the industrial sector.

3. How does the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following? Illustrate with historical examples.

(a) A private landlord

(b) A Police Superintendent in charge of law and order

(c) A leader of a political party

(a) A private landlord benefits by increasing the rent and he has more control over the price. The rising population would lead to increasing demand for space, e.g. renting of buildings at high rates were common in London and Bombay.

(b) Anyone involved with law and order would find it difficult with increasing population in urban areas. He would have to work hard to maintain law and order as crime rates are usually high in cities. For example, London people employed policemen to curb the rising crimes during night.

(c) Political leaders would have more people voting and hence more responsibilities. In cities, masses of people could be drawn to political causes as happened on Bloody Sunday of November, 1887 in London. The metropolitan character of cities would compel him/her to be more secular and liberal on the one hand. On the other hand, extremism or conservatism might also win them votes as a reactionary phenomenon, e.g. rise of Nazis in Germany or Liberal Democrats in France.

4. Give explanations for the following:

(a) Why well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth century.

(b) Why a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants.

(c) What led to the major expansion of Bombay's population in the mid-nineteenth century.

(a) Well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth century on account of three reasons:

→ one-room houses of the poor came to be seen as the breeding ground of diseases, and hence, a threat to public health

→ Fire hazards became a worry in these over-crowded, badly ventilated, unhygienic homes 

→ There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the 1917 Russian Revolution. Housing schemes were undertaken to avoid a rebellion by the poor.

(b) Bombay became an attractive destination for people seeking jobs after the British administration replaced Surat with Bombay as its principal western port. The consequent increase in trade and industries led to a great influx of people. Thus, migrants were (and still are) an important facet of Bombay. Most of the people in the film industry were migrants themselves, and wanted to portray the plight of this class of people through films. Thus, a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants.

(c) In mid-seventeenth century, Bombay became East India Company's principal western port, replacing Surat. Later, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had become an important administrative as well as industrial center. All through these years, the prospects for trade and commerce, and employment kept increasing, thereby making Bombay an attractive destination for migrants.

1. What forms of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England to provide leisure activities for the people.

There were many forms of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England:

→ For the upper classes, an annual "London Season" comprising opera, the theater and classical music events was one of the sources of leisure.

→ For the working classes, pubs, discussions and meetings for political action served the same purpose.

→ Libraries, art galleries and museums were new types of entertainment brought about through the utilization of state money.

→ Music halls and cinema theaters too became immensely popular with the lower classes.

→ Industrial workers were encouraged to undertake seaside vacations to rejuvenate from the banes of working in the polluting environment of factories.

2. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the Underground railway. Why was the development of the Underground criticized?

The development of suburbs as a part of the drive to decongest London led to the extension of the city beyond the range where people could walk to work. Though these suburbs had been built, the people could not be persuaded to leave the city and stay far away from their places of work in the absence of some form of public transport. The Underground railway was constructed to solve this housing problem. It was criticized initially because:

→ A newspaper reported the danger to health and asphyxiation (lack of air) and heat.

→ It was referred to as iron monsters, which added to the mess of the city. Charles Dickens in ‘Dombey and Son’ described its destructive process in construction.

→ About 900 houses were destroyed to make two miles of railways.

3. Explain what is meant by the Haussmanisation of Paris. To what extent would you support or oppose this form of development? Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper, to either support or oppose this, giving reasons for your view.

Haussmannisation of Paris refers to the forcible reconstruction of cities to enhance their beauty and impose order. The poor were evicted from the center of Paris to reduce the possibility of political rebellion and to beautify the city.

4. To what extent does government regulation and new laws solve problems of pollution? Discuss one example each of the success and failure of legislation to change the quality of

(a) public life

(b) private life

Government laws play an important role in controlling the rates of pollution in a city. However, simply passing laws is not enough. They need to be properly enforced as well. It is also a fact that people tend to find ways of getting around laws. So, apart from legislation, the government also needs to carry out intensive public awareness programmes aimed at educating the public about the need and ways of controlling pollution; and about how they too have a stake in environmental governance.

Public Life:

• Failure: The Underground railway enhanced transport, but caused the demolition of many houses, rendering their inhabitants homeless.

• Success: The British state used public funds to provide for entertainment forms such as museums, art galleries and libraries for the working classes.

Private Life:

• Failure: The availability of one-room tenements and no housing facilities for a major part of the industrial revolution time period caused the family to get divided into smaller units. There were even cases where rural people had to leave their families behind and live alone in the urban areas where they worked.

• Success: British administrative officials built houses in new suburbs for fulfilling the housing needs of the working classes.

Work, Life and Leisure MCQ :

Question : Novel written by Durgacharan Ray about the city of Calcutta is—

(a) Nirmala (b) Godan

(c) durgesh modin (d) Debganer martye agaman

Answer :  D

 

Question : Which of the following city is called ‘Mayapuri’—

(a) Madras (b) Calcutta (c) Delhi (d) Bombay

Answer :  D

 

Question : “The Bitter cry of outcast London” written by—

(a) Rudyard Kipling (b) Samuel Richardson

(c) Charles Dickens (d) Andrew Mearns

Answer :  D

 

Question : Which of the following films was made by Dada Saheb Phalke?

(a) CID (b) Guest House

(c) Tezaab (d) Raja Harish Chandra

Answer :  D

 

Question : Which was the Indian first city to get a smoke nuisance?

(a) Bombay (b) Calcutta (c) Madras (d) Surat

Answer :  B

 

Question : Most of the people in the film industry were –

(a) Local (b) Migrants from Lahore, Calcutta and madras

(c) Foreigners (d) Freedom fighter

Answer :  B

 

Question : Who developed the principle of ‘Garden City’?

(a) Ebenezer Howard (b) Charles Dickens

(c) Thomas Hardy (d) Andrew Mearns

Answer :  A

 

Question : The first underground railway was built in –

(a) New York (b) Calcutta

(c) London (d) Dubai

Answer :  C

 

Question : What were tenements –

(a) Over crowded apartment (b) Official documents

(c) Surgical instrument (d) wartime offices

Answer :  A

 

Question : What does a ‘Metropolis’ refer to

(a) State (b) Capital (c) Country (d) Town

Answer :  B 

 

 

Question : Women contribution in the workforce in mills between 1919 and 1926 was

(a) 24% 

(b) 23% 

(c) 22% 

(d) 21%

 

Question : Arthur Crawford was the municipal commissioner of

(a) Bombay 

(b) Calcutta 

(c) Madras 

(d) Delhi

 

Question : According to the census of 1901, the percentage of people living in one room tenement in Bombay was

(a) 60% 

(b) 70% 

(c) 80% 

(d) 90%

 

Question : Charles Booth conducted his social survey in the year

(a) 1885 

(b) 1886 

(c) 1887 

(d) 1888

 

Question : The approximate number of houses destroyed to lay 2 miles of railway line was

(a) 700 

(b) 800 

(c) 900 

(d) 1000

 

Question : The movie, Raja Harishchandra was made in the year

(a) 1911

(b) 1912 

(c) 1913 

(d) 1914

 

Question : The number of historical processes, involved in shaping modern cities in decisive ways was

(a) 2 

(b) 3 

(c) 4 

(d) 5

 

1. Which of the following industries did not exist in London before the First World War?

(a) Clothing and footwear, wood and furniture

(b) Metals and engineering, printing and stationery

(c) Precision products like surgical instruments, watches, objects of precious metals

(d) Motor cars and electrical goods

► (d) Motor cars and electrical goods

 

2. Who was Charles Booth and what is he known for?

(a) A rich merchant who made a social survey of London workers

(b) A philanthropist who worked for the poor in London

(c) A Liverpool shipowner who conducted the first social survey of low-skilled workers in East End of London, in 1887

(d) A writer on the social conditions in London in the 19th century

► (c) A Liverpool shipowner who conducted the first social survey of low-skilled workers in East End of London, in 1887

 

3. The city of Calcutta in the 19th century India amazed and confused writers and many others because :

(a) It was city full of opportunities — for trade and commerce, education and jobs

(b) It was full of cheats, poverty, poor quality housing, confusion of caste, and gender and religious identities in the city

(c) It offered a series of contrasting images and experiences – wealth and poverty, splendor and dirt, opportunities and disappointments

(d) All of these

► (d) All of these

 

4. People in industrial cities believed that the black fog created :

(a) Bad tempers, smoke-related illnesses and dirty clothes

(b) Black skies and black vegetables

(c) Air pollution

(d) Serious ecological problems

► (a) Bad tempers, smoke-related illnesses and dirty clothes

 

5. How can we prove the popularity of the underground railway in London?

(a) By newspapers praising its services

(b) By increase in the number of passengers traveling in them, losing their fear of traveling underground

(c) On 10th January 1863, 10,000 passengers were carried in trains running every ten minutes, by 1880, 40 million passengers were carried a year.

(d) Both (b) and (c)

► (d) Both (b) and (c)

 

6. ‘Temperance Movement’ was :

(a) An attempt by the social reformers aimed at reducing consumption of alcoholic drinks amongst the upper classes

(b) A reform movement led by the rich to stop drinking on the streets

(c) A middle-class led social reform movement in Britain and USA, aimed at reducing alcoholism amongst the working classes

(d) None of these

► (c) A middle-class led social reform movement in Britain and USA, aimed at reducing alcoholism amongst the working classes

 

7. The underground railway was not very popular in the beginning. The reasons were :

(a) They were considered a menace to health – a mixture of sulfur, coal, dust and foul fumes

(b) To make two miles of railway, 900 houses had to be destroyed; this led to a massive displacement of the poor

(c) Many writers like Charles Dickens thought that the iron monsters added to the mess and unhealthiness

(d) All the above

► (d) All the above

 

8. The congestion in the 19th century industrial city led to a yearning for :

(a) A clean country air, a holiday home in the countryside for the rich

(b) Making ‘new lungs’, for the city, a Green Belt around London

(c) Building of the garden city, with common gender spaces, beautiful views, full of plants and trees

(d) All the above

► (d) All the above

 

9. The various steps taken to clear up London were :

(a) Large blocks of apartments were built, like in Berlin and New York

(b) Localities were decongested and open spaces were left to reduce the pollution and, constructing landscape of the city.

(c) Rent control was introduced during the First World War

(d) All the above

► (d) All the above

 

10. ‘Individualism’ is a theory which promotes :

(a) A new spirit among men and women, freedom from collective values

(b) The liberty, rights or independent action of the individual rather that of the community

(c) Superiority of men over women

(d) Public space as a male preserve and domestic sphere as the proper place for women

► (b) The liberty, rights or independent action of the individual rather that of the community

 

10. The premier city in India in the 19th century was

(a) Calcutta

(b) Madras

(c) Bombay

(d) Surat

► (c) Bombay

 

11. Name the entertainment which became the great mass entertainment for mixed audiences by the early 20th century

(a) Holidays by the seaside

(b) Traveling to historical places in England

(c) The cinema

(d) The theater

► (c) The cinema

 

12. Which of the following statements supports the view that Calcutta has a long history of air pollution?

(a) It is built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke from industries pollutes the air

(b) It has a huge population that depends on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life

(c) Industries and use of steam engines running on coal, cause air pollution

(d) All the above

► (d) All the above

 

13. Which of the following statements proves that Bombay city was more crowded than London in the late 19th century and early 20th century?

(a) Average space enjoyed by a Londoner in the 1840s was 155 square yards

(b) Bombay had only 95 square yards

(c) London grew according to a plan, Mumbay did not; thus it was more crowded

(d) By 1972, London had an average of 8 persons per house but the density in Bombay was as high as 20

► (d) By 1972, London had an average of 8 persons per house but the density in Bombay was as high as 20

 

14. The rice mills of Tollygunge tackled the problem of pollution by

(a) Reclaiming marshy lands and building factories on them to prevent smog

(b) Not allowing railways to bring coal to them

(c) Burning rice husks instead of coal in 1920

(d) Controlling smoke through legislation

► (c) Burning rice husks instead of coal in 1920

 

15. The London poor exploded in a riot in 1886, because :

(a) They demanded relief from the terrible conditions of poverty

(b) The police had dispersed their peaceful march from Deptford to London

(c) The shopkeepers had not supported them

(d) A severe winter in 1886 had brought all outside work to a standstill and added to the misery and poverty of the London poor

► (d) A severe winter in 1886 had brought all outside work to a standstill and added to the misery and poverty of the London poor

 

16. The very first section of the underground railways in the world was opened on 10 January, 1863 between which two stations of London?

(a) Bombay to Thane

(b) London to Paris

(c) Leeds to Manchester

(d) Paddington to Farrington St.

► (d) Paddington to Farrington St.

17. What does Mayapuri mean to Bombay?

(a) A city of life

(b) A city of dreams

(c) A city of happenings

(d) A city of slums

► (b) A city of dreams

 

18. Which one of the following sub-urban areas of Bombay was a mill village?

(a) Thane

(b) Kalyan

(c) Girangaon

(d) None of these

► (c) Girangaon

 

19. Which among the following was the first movie made by Dada Saheb Phalke?

(a) CID

(b) Bombay

(c) Raja Harishchandra

(d) Devdas

► (c) Raja Harishchandra

 

20. Bombay passed into British hands as dowry in the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to which one of the following?

(a) A French princess

(b) A Portuguese princess

(c) A Mughal princess

(d) A Dutch princess

► (b) A Portuguese princess

 

21. Who among the following wrote a novel ‘Debganer Martye Agoman’ (The Gods Visit Earth)?

(a) Durgacharan Roy

(b) Bankim Chandra

(c) Rowlandson

(d) Raymond Unwin

► (a) Durgacharan Roy

 

22. ‘Akharas’ were:

(a) Open spaces used for leisure activities

(b) A place for exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations

(c) Open taps where housewives fought for water

(d) Traditional wrestling schools, located in every neighborhood, where the young were trained to ensure both physical and moral fitness

► (d) Traditional wrestling schools, located in every neighborhood, where the young were trained to ensure both physical and moral fitness

 

23. Which one of the following is not a Presidency city?

(a) Bombay

(b) Calcutta

(c) Kanpur

(d) Madras

► (c) Kanpur

 

24. What was Chartism a movement for?

(a) Equal pay for equal work

(b) For adult male franchise

(c) Limited hours of work

(d) For women franchise

► (b) For adult male franchise

 

25. What was referred to as ‘iron monsters’?

(a) Industrial cities

(b) New factories

(c) Tenements

(d) London underground railway

► (d) London underground railway

 

26. Which one of the following statements about chawls is not true?

(a) They were multi-storeyed structures

(b) Working class people lived here

(c) They are owned by the government

(d) They were in the native part of town

► (c) They are owned by the government

 

27. Town planning in Bombay came up as a result of fear of:

(a) Social revolution

(b) Plague epidemic

(c) Fire

(d) Overcrowding

► (b) Plague epidemic

 

28. To which of the following European powers did the seven islands of Bombay belong before passing into the hands of the British?

(a) German

(b) French

(c) Dutch

(d) Portuguese

► (d) Portuguese

 

29. Which of the following industries in London did not employ large numbers of people in the 19th century?

(a) Clothing and footwear

(b) Wood and furniture

(c) Railway manufacturing

(d) Printing and stationery

► (c) Railway manufacturing

 

30. The first movie in India was shot in 1896 by:

(a) Dada Saheb Phalke

(b) Harishchandra Bhatwadekar

(c) Raj Kapoor

(d) Prithviraj Kapoor

► (b) Harishchandra Bhatwadekar

 

31. In which of the following year Bombay became the capital of the Bombay presidency?

(a) 1819

(b) 1850

(c) 1872

(d) 1880

► (a) 1819

 

32. Which city of India is called ‘Mayapuri’ or the city of dreams?

(a) Delhi

(b) Chandigarh

(c) Poona

(d) Bombay

► (d) Bombay

 

33. Which of the following factors did not encourage migration into Bombay on a large scale?

(a) Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India for a long time

(b) Bombay had enough job opportunity for all who came

(c) Railways encouraged higher scale of migration

(d) Famine in adjoining regions such as Kutch drove people into Bombay

► (a) Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India for a long time

 

34. Who developed the principle of Garden City?

(a) Thomas Hardy

(b) Charles Dickens

(c) Charles Booth

(d) Ebenezer Howard

► (d) Ebenezer Howard

 

35. Who wrote ‘The Bitter Cry of Outcast London’?

(a) Andrew Mearns

(b) Charles Dickens

(c) Ebenezer Howard

(d) Durgacharan Ray

► (a) Andrew Mearns

 

36. Which one of the following statements is appropriate for ‘chawls’?

(a) Chawls were multi storey structures

(b) Chawls were single story structures

(c) Chawls were the well facilitated comfortable structures

(d) None of the above

► (a) Chawls were multi storey structures

 

37. Who was the producer of the film “Raja Harishchandra”?

(a) Dada Sahib Phalke

(b) B. R. Chopra

(c) Dilip Kumar

(d) Yash Chopra

► (a) Dada Sahib Phalke

 

38. Which of the following books was written by Andrew Mearns, a clergyman?

(a) The Gods Visit Earth

(b) The Bitter Cry of Outcast London

(c) Dombey and Son

(d) Guest House

► (b) The Bitter Cry of Outcast London

 

39. A variety of steps were taken to clean up which one of the following cities?

(a) Chicago

(b) Berlin

(c) New York

(d) London

► (d) London

 

40. When was the very first section of the underground railway in the world opened?

(a) 10 Jan 1860

(b) 10 Jan 1861

(c) 10 Jan 1862

(d) 10 Jan 1863

► (d) 10 Jan 1863

 

41. Bombay was first under whose control?

(a) Portuguese

(b) English

(c) French

(d) Dutch

► (a) Portuguese

 

42. Which one of the following cities was designed as a garden city by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker?

(a) London

(b) Manchester

(c) New Earswick

(d) Lancashire

► (c) New Earswick

 

43. When did the earliest reclamation project in Bombay begin?

(a) 1780

(b) 1784

(c) 1783

(d) None

► (b) 1784

 

44. Which one of the following cities had a long history of air pollution?

(a) Mumbai

(b) Calcutta (Kolkata)

(c) Chennai

(d) Delhi

► (b) Calcutta (Kolkata)

45. Which of the following groups demanded the Right to Vote for adult males in Britain during the 18th century?

(a) The Christian Movement

(b) Temperance Movement

(c) The Dock Workers

(d) Chartism Movement

► (d) Chartism Movement

 

46. When was the Bombay Improvement Trust established?

(a) 1861

(b) 1898

(c) 1899

(d) 1862

► (b) 1898

 

47. Rent control was introduced in Britain during the:

(a) First World War

(b) Second World War

(c) 1950s

(d) never

► (a) First World War

 

48. In which of the following years the Backbay Reconstruction Company got the right to reclaim western shares?

(a) 1858

(b) 1862

(c) 1864

(d) 1848

► (c) 1864

 

Work, Life and Leisure  SAQ

Q.1. Who wrote the novel ‘Debganer Martye Aagaman’ (The Gods visit Earth) ? What was the plot of the novel ? Explain.

OrDescribe in brief how did ‘The city of Calcutta’ both amaze and confuse the Gods’. [CBSE 2013]

Ans. (i) In his book Durgacharan Ray has written about the visit of Brahma (the creator) and Other Gods to Calcutta.

(ii) As Varuna the Rain God, conducted them around the capital of British India, the gods were wondersBuck by the big. modem city the train itself, the large ships 0n the river Ganges, rectories belching smoke, bridges and monuments and a dazzling array of shops selling a wide range of commodities, iii The gods were so impressed by the marvels of the teeming metropolis that they decided to build a Museum and a High Court in Heaven.

Q.2. “Three historical processes have shaped modern cities in a decisive way-. Explain.

Ans. (i) The rise of industrial capitalism attracted a large number of workers to cities.

(ii) The colonial rule over large parts of the world also helped in the development of cites, for example. Indian dries of Calcutta and Bombay developed because of Britishers.

(iii) Development of democratic ideals also played an important role in bidding for new towns and cities because these cities were needed for administrative purposes.

Q.3. “Industrialisation changed the form of urbanization in the modern period”. Explain.

Or

Describe the role of industrialisation in shaping the modem cities in England. [CBSE 2014]

Ans. (i) The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted a large number of migrants to the textile mills set up in the late eighteenth century. In 1851. more than three-quarter; of the adults living in Manchester were migrants from rural areas.

(ii) London’s doming and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, priming and stationery, etc. attracted larc-e number or skilled as well as unskilled workers

(iii) The first cotton textile mill in 3ombay was established in 1854. By 1921. There were 85 cotton mills with about 1.46.000 workers. Only about one-fourth of Bombay’s inhabitants between 1851 and 1931 were born in Bombay: the rest came from outside. Large numbers flowed in from the nearby district of Ratnagiri to work in the Bombay mills.

Q.4. What type of life were the marginal groups of London living in the 1870s ? Explain.

Ans. (i) Most of the marginal groups included unemployed migrants, women and their children.

(ii) Most of them made their living from crime.

(iii) Many of them made their living by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges. There were others who were more skilled at their trade, experts at their jobs. They were the cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves crowding the streets of London.

(iv) A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities ns tailoring, washing or matchbox making,

(v)With industrialisation a large number of children were pushed into low paid work.

Q.5.What was the impact of industrialisation and urbanization on the family in Britain in the nineteenth century ? [CBSE 2010. 2011 2012]

Ans. (i) Women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within households,

(ii) A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers.

(iii)Through the activities of tailoring, washing or matchbox making, they could increase their income. Large number of children were pushed into low paid work during this period.

Q.6.Explain the housing problem of Londoners which occurred due to industrialisation.

Ans. A large number of people began pouring in London after the Industrial Revolution,

(ii) Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrants.

(iii) individual landowners put up cheap, and usually unsafe, tenements for the new arrivals.

(iv) Due to shortage of houses people started living in slums.

Q.7.Mention any three steps which were taken by the government to check criminalisation of London.

Ans. (i)The authorities imposed high penalties for crime, and offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving poor.’

(ii) The Compulsory Elementary Education Ac; and the Factories Act were passed through which the children were kept out of industrial work.

(iii) The population of criminals was counted and their activities were watched.

Q.8. (i) Who conducted the First social survey of low skilled London workers ?

(ii) Mention any four factors responsible for the increase in criminal activities in London in the 1870s.

Ans. (i) Charles Booth conducted the first survey of low skilled London workers in 1887.

(ii) (a) Increasing population

(b) Low wages

(c) Lack of education

(d) Pushing large numbers of children into low paid work by their parents.

Q.9. Explain any three reasons for the increasing concern about the need for housing for the poor in London after the Industrial Revolution. [CHSE 2008 (Oh 2009 (F), Sept. 2010] 

Or

Why were mass housing schemes planned for workers In London, after the Russian Revolution in 1917 ? Explain. [CBSE 2010 F]

Or

Why did well off Londoners support the need of building houses for the poor in the 19th century ?

[CBSE Sept. 2011. 2012]

Ans. (i) The poor and filthy living conditions of one room houses which posed a serious threat to public health.

(ii) There was danger of fire hazards.

(iii) There was a fear of social disorder or rebellion by the workers, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. So to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious workers’ mass housing scheme was introduced.

Q.10. Mention various measures which were taken to decongest London in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [CBSE. 2009 (O)]

Ans. (i) Large blocks of apartments were built

(ii) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.

(iii)Between the two World Wars (1919-39) the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state, and a million houses, most of them single-family cottages. were built by local authorities.

(iv) Underground railway was built in 1863 which enabled a large number of people TO live outside central London.

Q.11. (i) When and where was the London underground railway started ? [CBSE 2009 (F) Sept. 2010]

(ii) How did the underground railway help in solving the housing problem ? [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Ans. The first section of the underground railway in the world opened on 10th January. 1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London.

(ii) (a) The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city.

b) Large number of people started living outside central London.

Q.12. Who designed the garden city of New Earswick ? Mention its two features. [CBSE Sept. 2012]

Ans. The garden city of New Earswick was designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker.

(i) There were common garden spaces, beautiful views, and great attention was paid to every detail.

(ii)These houses could be afforded by only well-off workers.

Q.13. Why were some people against the London Underground Railway ? (CBSE Sept. 2012)

Ans. (i) Many feel that the “iron monsters'' added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city.

(ii) To make approximately two miles of railway, about 900 houses had to be destroyed.

(iii) The London Tube Railway led to a massive displacement of the London poor.

Q.14.What was the impact of city life on women ? Explain. [CBSE 2014]

Ans. (i) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, faced increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.

(ii) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, particularly among the lower social classes. However, many social reformers felt that the family, as an institution had broken down, and needed to be saved or reconstructed by pushing these women back into the home.

(iii) The city life was dominated by men and women who were forced to withdraw into their homes.

(iv) Most of the conservatives were against the presence of women in public places.

Q.15. What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the 19th and 20th centuries ? Explain the factors which led to this change.

Or

Explain giving three reasons, how women gradually lost their industrial jobs due to technological development, during the early nineteenth century in Britain. [CBSE 2009 (F) ]

Or

How has the condition of women workers changed from the 19th and 20th centuries in London ? [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Ans. (i) Employment in Factories : In the 18th and the 19th centuries, a large number of women were employed in the factories because during that period, most of the production activities were carried out with the help of the family.

(ii)Technological Developments and loss of jobs : But with technological advancement, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to do household work. They also tried to increase the family income by activities like tailoring, washing or matchbox making.

(iii) Employment during War : However, in the 20th century, women again started getting employed in wartime industries and offices because most of the male citizens were fighting at the front.

Q.16.Mention the problems which the authorities faced while trying to provide a pollution free environment to the people living in the cities.

Ans. (i)Factory owners and steam engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines.

(ii) By the 1840s. a few towns such as Derby. Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. But smoke was not easy to monitor or measure, and owners went! away with small adjustments to their machinery that did nothing to stop the smoke.

(iii) Moreover, the Smoke Abatement Acts of 1547 and 1853. as they were called, didn't always work to clear the air.

Q.17.What is meant by the term individualism ? Explain. [CBSE 2013]

Ans. (i)Individualism is a theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual, rather than of the community.

(ii)This is a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of small rural communities.

(iii) Ties between members of the household loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down.

Q.18 Mention any three features of the London Season.

Ans. (i) The London Season evolved in the 17th and I8th centuries.

(ii)it was basically for wealthy Britshers

(iii) Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theater, and classical music performances were organized for an elite group of 300 – 400 families

Q.19. “Cities of the 19th century also became the breeding grounds for politics”. Explain by taking examples from London.

Ans. (i) In 1556 when outdoor work came to a standstill, the London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty.

(ii) In 1857 once again the poor came on to the streets for similar demands.

(iii) In 1889 thousands of workers of London dockyard went on strike demanding to recognise the dockworkers union.

Q.20. (i) Under whose control was Bombay in the 17th century ? Why did the control of the island pass into the British hands?

(ii) How did the development or expansion of Bombay differ from London ? [CBSE Sept. 2012]

Ans. (i) In the seventeenth century. Bombay (Mumbai) was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control. In 1661. The control of the islands passed into the British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess.

(ii) (a) It was an overcrowded city where a person got only about 9.5 square yard of space, whereas it was around 155 square yard per person in London.

(b) The city did not grow according to a plan, whereas London grew according to a plan.

Q.21. Give reasons for the following :

(i) The Rent Act led to the housing crisis in Bombay (Mumbai).

(ii) Expansion of the city has always posed a problem in Bombay (Mumbai).

(iii) What were chawls ?

Ans. (i) Because landlords withdrew houses from the market.

(ii) Because of the scarcity of land

(iii) Chawls were multi storey structures built in the 1560s in the native parts of Bombay Mumbai) These were largely owned by private landlords who were looking for quick ways of earning money from the anxious migrants. Each chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilets.

Q.22. Mention any three factors which promoted migration to Bombay or presently. Mumbai. [CBSE Sept. 2012. 2013]

Ans. (i)Bombay, now Mumbai, was the hub of trade in opium and cotton.

(ii) Bombay (now Mumbai) was also at the junction head of two major railways. The railways encouraged a large number of people to migrate into the city.

(iii)The establishment of textile mills.

Q.23‘The policy of racialism and discrimination was visible in the colonial cities.’ Explain by giving examples.

Ans. The Bombay (Mumbai) fort area was divided between a ‘native town’ where most of the Indians lived and a ‘white section' where the Europeans lived.

(ii) A European suburb and an industrial zone developed to the North of the fort area with a similar suburb and cantonment in the South.

(iii) The richer Parsi, Muslims and upper caste traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling spacious bungalows whereas 70% of the working people lived in chawls.

Q.24. Mention any four features of houses of the Bombay city which developed during the colonial period.

Ans. (i)Most of the houses were owned by private landlords.

(ii)Most of the people were living in chawls.

(iii)The houses were very small. So streets and neighborhoods were used for a variety of activities such as cooking, washing and sleeping etc.

(iv)The richer Parsi. Muslims and upper casts traders lived in spacious bungalows

Work, Life and Leisure long question

Q.1. Mention the major characteristics of an ancient town. [CBSE Sept. 2010. 2012]

Ans. (i) The towns and the Cities that first appeared along the river valleys like Ur and Mohenjodaro were larger in scale than other human settlements.

(ii) These cities were the centers of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activities.

(iii) These cities supported various social group such as artisans, merchant; and priests

(iv) These cities varied greatly in size and complexity. Some were metropolises and oilier; smaller urban centers.

(v) Industrialisation played an important role in the expansion of cities.

Q.2. Explain with examples how industrialisation changed the form of urbanization In England in the modern period.[CBSE 2010]

Ans. (i)Towns and Cities that first appeared along river valleys, such as Ur. Nippur and Mohenjodaro. were larger in scale than other human settlements.

(ii) The ancient cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible to support A wide range of non-food producers.

(iii) The cities were often the center; of political power, administrative networks, trade and industry, religious institutions, and intellectual activity, and supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests. But industrialisation changed the form of urbanization. Modern towns like London. Leeds. Manchester developed because they attracted a large number of workers to the textile mills.

(iv) The city of London became a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories.

Q.3.What did historian Gareth Stedman Jones say about the ‘City of London ? [CBSE 2013]

Ans. (i) London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers.

(ii) It was a city of small masters and skilled artisans.

(in) It was a city of growing numbers of semi-skilled and sweated-out workers, of soldiers and servants, of casual laborers, street sellers and beggars.

(iv)Apart from the London dockyards, five major types of industries that employed a large number of people were : Clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metal.

(v) During the Fire World War. London began manufacturing motor care and electrical goods and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one- third of all jobs in the city.

Q.4. Explain the rise of London as a modern city.

Or

Explain the expansion of London over the nineteenth century. [CBSE2008 Comp. ID]

Or

Explain any three reasons for which the population of London expanded during the 19th century. {CBSE Sept. 2010. 2011}

Ans.(i)By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. It was a colossal city with a population of about 6,75,000.

(ii)Over the nineteenth century. London continued to expand. Its population multiplied fourfold in the 70 years between 1810 and I860, increasing from 1 million to about 4 million.

(iii) The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories.

(iv) The nineteenth century London, was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants, of casual laborers, street-sellers and beggars.

(v) During the First World War (1914-18). London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one-third of all Jobs in the city.

Q.5. Explain any four characteristics of marginal groups in London. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Ans. (i) Most of the poor people were criminals who lived by stealing.

(ii) A large number of women worked there. factories in the late 18th and the early 19th century.

(iii) With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within the households, (iv) Large numbers of children were pushed into low-paid work by their parents.

(v) Factories employed a large number of women in the late lfi1 and early 1911 century.

Q.6. Describe three main features of Charles Booth’s first social survey of low skilled London workers. [CBSE 2013]

Ans. (i) Charles Booth conducted the first social survey of low-skilled London workers in the East End of London. He found that about 1 million Londoners i.e. about one-fifth of the population of London at the time, were very poor.

(ii) These poor people were expected to live only up to an average age of 29 in comparison to the average life expectancy of 55 among the gentry and middle classes.

(iii) These people were more than likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or lunatic asylum.

(iv) He concluded that London needed the rebuilding of at least 4,00,000 rooms to house its poorest citizens.

(v) For a while the better-off city dwellers continued to demand that slums simply be cleared away. But gradually, a large number of people began to recognise the need for housing for the poor.

Q 7. Explain any five steps taken to clean up London in the 19th century. [CBSE 2010 (D). Sept. 2010. 11. 12. 13] 

Ans. (i) Housing problem: The most important problem of London was housing the migrants. To house the new migrants and workers, a large block of apartments were built.

(ii) Principle of Garden City and Green Belt: Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the principle of the Garden city, a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live ar.c work. Many architects also supported the idea of Green Belt around London

(iii) Housing and British government: Between the two World Wars (1919-391 the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state, and a million houses, most of them single – family- cottages. were built by local authorities. Meanwhile, the City had extended beyond the range where people could walk to work, and the development of suburbs made new forms of mass transport absolutely necessary.

(iv) New transport system: The London underground railway was built to carry- people to and fro the city. As a result the population of the city became more dispersed.

(v) Control over Criminalisation: To check the growth of criminalisation. The population of criminals was counted, their activities were watched, and their ways of life were investigated. In an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the deserving poor.

Q.8. “The function and the shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the industrial city”. Explain by giving examples. [CBSE Sept. 2014]

Ans. (i) Family In the 18th century: In the 18th century, (under proto- industrialization) the family had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision making

(ii) Family under industrialisation: Ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down. Women of the upper and middle daisies in Britain, on the other hand, fared increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their Lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.

(iii) Individualism: The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities

(iv) Family and role of women: Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed again?: their presence in public spaces women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women Most political movements of the nineteenth century. such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males) and the 10-hour movement (limiting hours of work in factories), mobilized large number of men Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women or for named women’s right to property.

(v) Family and market: By the 20th century family now consisted of much smaller units but it became the heart of a new market of goods and services and of ideas.

Q.9. When and where was the very first section of the underground railway in the world opened ? Describe in brief the difficulties of traveling in that underground railway ? (CBSE 2010 (O), Sept. 2012)

Ans. The first section of the underground railway :n the world was opened on 10th January, 1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London.

(i)People were afraid to travel underground.

(ii)The compartments were overcrowded and polluted by smoke.

(iii) The atmosphere was a mixture of sulfur, coal and dust with foul fumes from the gas lamps.

(iv)Many felt that the iron monsters added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city,

(v)Suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply and heat.

Q.10. ‘The London underground railway eventually became a huge success.’ Explain.

Or

How far was the underground railway able to solve transport problems as well as the housing crisis in London in the nineteenth century ? [CBSE 2009 (F)]

Ans. (i) By 1880 the expanded train service was carrying about 40 million passengers a year.

(ii)By the 20th century most large metropolises such as New York, Tokyo, etc. built underground railways.

(iii) Population in the city became more dispersed as now it was easy to travel.

(iv) The new transport system broke down social distinctions.

(v)The severe housing shortage problems of London to some extent were solved

Q.11. What were the sources of leisure for London city life? [CBSE Sept. 2012]

Or

What was the tradition of ‘London Season’ ? Explain different forms of entertainment that came up in 19th century England to provide leisure activities for the people ? (CBSE 2009 (0)) 

What forms of entertainment came up in the 19th century in England to provide leisure activities ?

[CBSE Sept. 2010. 2013]

Or

How did the people entertain themselves in their leisure time in urban Britain in the 19th century ? [CBSE Sept. 2010] 

Or

How did the people of all classes entertain themselves in their leisure time in Urban Britain after industrialisation ? (CBSE Sept. 2011) 

Ans. (i) London Season : For wealthy Britishers there has long been an annual ‘London Season. Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theater and the classical music performances were organized for an elite group of 300-400 families in the late eighteenth century.

(ii) Pleasure gardens : Pleasure gardens came in the 19th century to provide facilities for sports,entertainment and refreshments for the well-to-do.

(iii) Pubs for the working class : Working classes meet in pubs to have a drink: exchange news and sometimes, also to organize for political action.

(iii) Libraries and museums : Libraries, art galleries and museums were established in the nineteenth century to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British.

(iv) Music halls and cinemas : Music hails were popular among the lower classes and, by the early twentieth century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for the mixed audiences

(vi) Beaches : British industrial workers were increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea. so as to derive the benefits of the sun and the bracing winds

Q.12. Explain the lifestyle of workers of the mid-nineteenth century in Britain.

Ans. (i) Seasonal work : In most of the industries, the demand for labor was seasonal. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations.

(ii) Low wages : The workers were getting very low wages.At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10% of the population was extremely poor.

(iii) Women workers : Factories employed a large number of women. With technological development women gradually lost their industrial jobs.

(iv) Problem of Housing : Most of the workers were living in slums. Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrant workers,

(v) Source of Fun and Leisure : For the poor workers the streets often were the only place for rest, leisure and fun. The working poor created spaces of entertainment wherever they lived.

Q.13. ‘A large city population was thus both a threat and an opportunity.’ Explain.

Ans. A large city population led to development of new means of transportation.

(i) A large city population provided a wide market to the industry.

(ii) In the severe winter of 1886. When outdoor work came to a standstill, the London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty. Alarmed shopkeepers closed down their establishments, fearing the 10,000-strong crowd that was marching from Deptford to London. The marchers had to be dispersed by the police.

(iii) A similar note occurred in late 1SS7. This time, it was brutally suppressed by the police in what came to be known as ihe Bloody Sunday of November 1887.

Q.14. “City development everywhere occurred at the expense of ecology”. Justify.

“City development everywhere occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment.” Explain.

Ans. (i) To develop Cities natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to the growing demand for space for factories, housing and other institutions.

(ii) Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.

(iii) The widespread use of coal in homes and industries in nineteenth century England raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, hundreds of factory chimneys spewed black smoke into the skies.

(iv) Shopkeepers, home owners and others complained about the black fog that descended on their towns, causing bad tampers, smoke-related illnesses, and dirty clothes.

(v) The vast mass of one room houses occupied by the poor was a serious threat to public health.

Q.15. Describe in brief the development of Bombay (Mumbai) as the Prime city of India.

Ans. (i) In the seventeenth century. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control. In 1661. control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess.

(ii) The East India Company quickly shifted its base from Surat, its principal western port, to Bombay.

(iii) At first Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat.

(iv) Later, in the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass.

(v) Gradually, it also became an important administrative center in western India, and then, by the end of the nineteenth century, a major industrial center.

(vi) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819 after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo – Maratha war. The city quickly expanded. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay. The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration.

Q.16. Explain the factors which led to the expansion of Bombay.

Or

Explain what led to the expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid 19th century.

Ans. (i) Bombay as capital city : Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1519. after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo – Maratha war. The city quickly expanded. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.

(ii) Industrialisation: The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. The first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854. By 1921, there were so many cotton mills with about 1,46,000 workers. Only about one-fourth of Bombay’s inhabitants between 1881 and 1931 were born in Bombay ,the rest came from outside. Large numbers flowed in from the nearby district of Ratnagiri to work in the Bombay mills.

(iii) Introduction of railways: The first railway was introduced from Bombay to Thane in 1853 It was at the junction head of two major railways. The development of the railway encouraged an even higher scale of migration into the city.

(iv) Famines: Famines in the dry regions of Kutch drove a large number of people into Bombay in 1888-89. The flood of migrants in some years created panic and alarm in official circles.

(e) Bombay as a film city: By 1925. Bombay had become India’s film capital. Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore. Calcutta. Madras, etc

Q.17. What were chawls? Mention major features of chawls.

Or

The chawls in Bombay were a small cosmopolitan community in themselves. Explain. [CBSE 2014]

Ans.(i) Chawls were multi storeyed structures that had been built from at least the l860s in the native parts of the town.

(ii) Like the tenements in London, these houses were largely owned by private landlords, such as merchants, bankers, and building contractors, looking for quick ways of earning money from anxious migrants.

(iii) Each chawl was divided into smaller one- room tenements which had no private toilet.

(iv) There was an open space in the middle of chawls for social and cultural gatherings.

(v) People who belonged to the ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.

Q.18. Explain the housing problem of Bombay (Mumbai).

Ans. (i) Bombay (Mumbai) was a crowded city because a person living in Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards of space

(ii) About 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay (Mumbai). Chawls were multi storeyed structures, built since the 1860s in the native parts of the town.

(iii) The homes were small, so the streets and neighborhood were used for a variety of activities and social functions.

(iv)People belonging to the depressed classes found it very difficult to find houses.

Q.19. Explain the various land reclamation projects launched in Bombay (Mumbai) which helped in its expansion. [CBSE Sept 2010. 2011]

Or

Throw light on some of the land reclamation projects of Bombay.[CBSE Sept. 2010. 2012]

Ans. (i)A project was launched in 1754 to join the seven islands of Bombay into one landmass. Then the Governor of Bombay. William Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall to prevent the Hooding of The low lying areas of Bombay,

(ii) In 1864. The Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba Most of the hills were leveled by the company to construct buildings.

(iii) By the 1870s, although most of the private companies closed down due to the mounting cost, the city had expanded to about 22 square miles.

(iv) The Bombay Port Trust, also launched a reclamation project to build a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 The Trust used the excavated earth to create the 22 acre Ballard Estate. Subsequently, the famous Marine Drive of Bombay (Mumbai) was developed.

Q 20 Why is Mumbai (Bombay) known as the city of dreams ? Give three reasons. [CBSE 2008(D) 2010. 2011]

Or

“Bombay appears to many as a city of dreams-Mayapuri.- Explain by giving examples. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Ans. (i) Film industry : Bombay film industry has contributed in a big way to produce an —age of the City as a blend of dream and reality, it is India's film capital providing employment to more than 10 lakh people.

Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants and became successful. This has encouraged more migration.

(ii) Employment : Bombay is one of the most important industrial towns of India providing employment to skilled, and unskilled workers. It also provides employment to women workers.

(iii) Spacious bungalows : Film producers, heroes and industrialists live in sprawling spacious bungalows which attract a large number of migrants to the city.

Q-21. Why is Bombay (Mumbai) known as the city of hardship? {CBSE Sep:. 2011} 

Ans. (i) Housing problems : Bombay Mumbai is a crowded city. Rich traders, film producers, etc., live in sprawling spacious bungalows whereas 70% of the working people live in thickly populated chawls.

(ii) Class division : People who belonged to the depressed classes found it difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls.

(iii) Film industry : Many Bombay (Mumbai films dealt with the arrival in the city of new migrants and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.

(iv) Pollution : City development everywhere occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment Natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to the growing demand for space for factories, housing and other institutions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive none became a regular feature of urban life

(v) Wide gap between rich and poor : Bombay Fort area which formed the heart of the city in early 1 SCO’s was divided between a native loan where most of the Indians lived, and a European or white section’. The gap between natives and whites and the rich and poor was very wide.

Q.22. Explain the social life of people living In Bombay (Mumbai).

Or

Highlight the principal features of the social life of people living in Bombay.

Ans. (i) Overcrowded city: Bombay was a crowded city. While every Londoner in the :840s enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards. Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards. By 1872. when London had an average of 8 persons per house, the density in Bombay was as high as 20

(ii) Separate living areas for the natives and the white: The Bombay Fort area which formed the heart of the city in the early 1800s was divided between a ‘native’ town, where most of the Indians lived, and a European or ‘while section. A European suburb and an industrial zone began to develop to the north of the Fort settlement area, with a similar suburb and cantonment in the south.

(iii) Living space for the rich: Like the European elite, the richer Parsi. Muslim and upper case traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling, spacious bungalows In contrast, more than 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.

(iv) Life in chawls: More than 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.

(v) Depressed classes and housing problem: People who belonged to the ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.

Q.23.How was the social life of the people transformed because of city life ? Explain.

Or

How was the condition of urban families transformed by the 20th century ? [CBSE 2013]

Ans. (i)City life and the migrants : The new dries attracted a large number of migrants. As there was a shortage of work, many of them made a living from crime.

(ii) City life and children : Large numbers of children were pushed into low paid work, often by their parents. As they were underpaid so many of them also .Mailed making their living from crime, it was only after the passage of -he compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870 and the Factories Act that children were kept out of industrial work.

(iii) Industrialisation and life of workers : The abundance of labor in the market affected the lives of workers As news of possible jobs traveled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the c:ties. Many job classmate seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelter.

(iv) City life and individualism : The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities.

(v) City life and women : Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.

Q.24. “Bombay films have contributed in a big way to produce an image of the city as a blend of dream and reality, of slums and star bungalows.'' Explain.

Ans. (i) Film industry : Bombay (Mumbai has always been associated with the film industry, and is popular as a city of dreams. The film industry provides employment to more than 10 lakh people.

Many Bombay films deal with the arrival in the city of new migrants and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.

(ii) Songs : Some popular songs from the Bombay film industry also speak about city’s life. For example, a song from ‘Guest House (1959) ; ‘Jiska juta usi ka sar,dil hai chote beda shahor,re vah re vah teri Bombia’ (Bombay, you city what a place ! Here one gets beaten with one’s own shoes! The city is big but people's hearts are small!)

(iii) Migrants and Film Industry: Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore, Calcutta (Kolkata),Madras Chennai and contributed to the national character of the tint industry. Those, who came from Lahore and Punjab, were especially important for the development of the Hindi film industry Many famous writers, like Ismat Chughtai and Saadat Hasan Manto, were associated with the popular Hindi Cinema.

(iv) Big spacious bungalows : Most of the industrialists, film producers, heroes and rich people live in sprawling spacious bungalows which attract a large number of people.

Q.25. Explain the major features of the cities of colonial India.

Ans. (i) The pace of urbanization was slow under colonial rule. Till the early 20th century, approximately only 11 percent of Indians were living in cities, and most of these were from the three Presidency cities.

(ii) These were multifunctional cities because they had major ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army comps, educational institutions, museums and libraries.

(iii)Bombay (Mumbai) was the Premier city of India and it expanded rapidly.

Q.1. (a) What were Chawls ?

(b) Mention any two features of Chawls.

Ans. (a) Chawls were multi storey structures which had been built from at least the 1860’s in the “native’ parts of the town

(b) These houses were largely owned by private landlords, such as merchants, bankers and building contractors looking for quick ways of earning money from anxious migrants.

Q.2.Compare Bombay (Mumbai) and London keeping in mind the following points.

(i) Average space for each person.

(ii) No. of persons living in a house.

(iii) Underground railway.

Ans.(i) While every landowner in the 1840s enjoyed an average space of 165 square yards. Bombay (Mumbai) had a mere 9.5 square yards.

(ii) By 1872. When London had an average of S persons per house, the density in Bombay was as high as 20.

(iii) The first section of the underground railway in the world was opened on 10th January,1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London Low underground railway in Bombay was constructed.

Q.3.Describe the development of the film industry in Bombay. [CBSE. 2013]

Ans. (i) Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwardekar produced India’s first movie in 1896. This was a scene of a wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging Gardens. Then, Dadasaheb Phalke made “Raja Harishchandra’ in 1913.

(ii) By 1925. Bombay had become India’s film capital, producing films for a national audience.

(iii) The amount of money invested in about 50 Indian films in 1947 was 756 million. By 1987. The film industry employed 5,20,000 people.

Q.4.How did people entertain themselves in the chawls ? [CBSE 2013]

Ans. (i) There was an open space in the middle of four chawls. There the magicians, monkey players or acrobats used to regularly perform their acts.

(ii) The Nandi bull used to come. There was the Kadaklakshmi. The performers beat themselves on their naked bodies in order to fill their stomachs.

(iii) Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.

Q.5. Describe two historic processes that have shaped modern cities in decisive ways. [CBSE 2013]

Ans. (1) The rise of industrial capitalism :

(i) Many decades after the beginning of the industrial revolution, most western countries were largely rural.

(ii) Industrialization changed the form of urbanization in the modern period.

(iii) Cities were often the centers of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity, and supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.

(2) The establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world :

(i) In the 17th century. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control.

(ii) In 1661. control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles-II to the Portuguese princess. The East India Company quickly shifted its base from Surat to Bombay.

(iii) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819,after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo Maratha war.

Social Science CBSE Class 10 History Work, Life and Leisure VBQ

Q.1.Mention any four social evils prevailing in London in 1870V Mention any two steps taken by the authorities to check these social evils. (CBSE Sept. 2012)

Ans. Increasing criminal activities

(ii) Child labour.

(iii) Falling public morality,

(iv) Increasing rate of unemployment

Steps :

(i) Population of criminals was counted, in an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties.

(ii) Compulsory Elementary Education Act 1570 was passed.

Q.2. How was family life transformed because of city life ? Which moral values can you learn from rural life?

Ans. (i) The dry encouraged spirit of Individualism

(ii) The public space became increasingly a male preserve and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.

(iii)Gradually women came to participate in political movement for suffrage

Values of rural life :

(i) Rural life was based on collective values.

(ii) Communities were interdependent.

Q.3. Explain the pollution problem of Calcutta. [CBSE Sept. 2010. 2011.2012]

Or

How did the development of cities influence the ecology and environment in the late nineteenth century ? Explain by giving an example of Calcutta (Kolkata). (CBSE 2009 D)

Explain any three causes of air pollution in Calcutta (Kolkata) in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Which body- controlled Industrial pollution ? [CBSE Sept. 2010. 2013]

Ans. (i) Calcutta or Kolkata had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled gray smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the cry was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate a thick black smog.

(ii)Burning of dung and wood fuel were the main sources of air pollution.

(iii) Colonial authorities at first intended to clear I the place of miasmas, or harmful vapors, but the railway lines introduced in 1855, brought a dangerous new pollutant into the picture — coal from Raniganj. The high content of ash in the Indian coal was a problem Many pleas were made to banish the dirty mills from the city, but without any results,

(iv) Calcutta (Kolkata) was the first city to get | smoke nuisance legislation in 1863.

(v) The inspectors of the Bengal Smoke Nuisance I Commission finally managed to control the industrial smoke. Controlling domestic smoke, however, was more difficult.

Q.4. Explain the impact of industrialisation on children.

Ans. (i) A large number of children were pushed into low paid work, often by their parents. In Most of the children were underpaid so ill was more profitable to make A living from crime rather working in a small underpaid factory.

(iii) It was only after the passage of the Compulsory Elementary Education Act 1S70 and the Factory Act that children were kept out of industrial work.

Q.5. Explain the impact of industrialisation on the life of women.

Or

Explain any five, major changes that came in women’s life of the nineteenth century of Britain. [CBSE 2012]

Ans.  (i) Women as workers: Factories employed a large number of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries With techno!og:cal developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within households. The 1861 census recorded a quarter of million domestic servants in London, of whom the vast majority were women, many of them recent migrants. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchbox making. However, there was a change once again in the twentieth century. As women got employment in wartime industries and offices, they withdrew from domestic service.

(ii) Women and conservatives: Men and

women did no: have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.

(iii) Women and political movements: Most political movements of the nineteenth century, such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males! and the 10-hour movement (limiting hours of work in factories), mobilized a large number of men. Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women, or for married women’s rights to property (from the l870s).

(iv) Women and war time: The two world wars of the 20th century once again transformed the life of women. They were employed in large numbers to meet war demands.